Unit 1
Bond that is formed by opposite chargers.
Ionic Bond
breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis
Which are plants Photopigments?
Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, Carotenoids
Give 2 reasons why cells divide.
Growth, regeneration, reproduction
The enzyme that releases tension in the DNA before/as it is spit.
What is Topoisomerase
Atoms ability to attract electrons. Attraction stronger to the left cause of more protons.
oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen
links monomers of carbohydrates together
Glycosidic linkage
What do enzymes do in a reaction?
Lower activation energy
Catalyze reactions speeding them up
________ cells have 2 copies of each chromosome.
__________ cells only have 1 copy of each chromosome.
Mitosis begins with 1 __________ cell and ends with __, __________ cells.
Diploid, haploid
Diploid, 2, Diploid
Section of DNA that contains Okazaki Fragments.
What is the lagging strand
What is electronegativity? Describe it?
Atoms ability to attract electrons. Attraction stronger to the left cause of more protons.
linear glycosidic linkage
branched glycosidic linkage
amylose, amylopectin
Which molecule Has the most energy
ATP, NADH, FADH2, G3P
NADH
What is a Kinetochore?
Kinetochores are like little handles on a chromosome’s centromere that spindle fibers from the centrosome can attach to
What role do Promoters, Transcription Factors, and TATA boxes play in Transcription?
A Promoter is a particular sequence of nucleotide bases that occur just before the section of DNA to be transcribed. This promoter has a “TATA box” a sequence of A’s and T’s that attract Transcription Factors, which in turn attract RNA Polymerase so that transcription can begin.
Describe a polar molecule? Give an example
partial charges formed by the unequal sharing of electrons. Water
Structural polysaccharide of arthropods
Chitin
In addition to glucose what other energy molecules can the cell use in a time of need?
Fats and Proteins
DNA is completely condensed, centrosomes have made it to opposite poles, and the nuclear envelope is completely dissolved
What is prometaphase.
Ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits, a large and a small. What are the functions of the 3 sites of the large subunit?
The A site accepts new tRNAs with amino acids, the P site is where the polypeptide chain lengthens, and the E site is where the tRNAs exit.
Name the 12 levels of organization
Name all the things that define life
1. atom 2. molecules 3. organelles 4.cell 5.tissue
6.organs 7.organ system 8. organism 9. population
10. community 11. ecosystem 12. Biosphere
Responds to environment, Grows & develops, reproduces,has organization, evolutionary adaptation life requires energy, regulation, life evolves, genetic variation
Name all the levels of a protein and include bonds at each level.
primary- peptide bonded amino chain
secondary- Beta pleated sheet, alpha helix hydrogen bonds
tertiary- 3D globular shape, disulfide bridge, covalent, ionic, hydrogen, peptide bonds
Quaternary- 2 or more proteins
What are the inputs and outputs of the ETC of cellular respiration? How does oxygen contribute to the concentration gradient of H+?
Inputs O2, 10NADH, 2FADH2,
Outputs: water, 36ATP
By oxygen coming in and it accepting electrons, it allows for more electrons to come in bring with them those H+ that will go against their gradient in Active transport, later to be diffused out of ATP synthase as part of facilitated diffusion.
What happens during Meiosis that contributes to genetic variation? What stages do these processes happen in?
Crossing Over, Prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes line up SIDE BY SIDE in a random order, Metaphase 1
Describe what happens during the 3 stages of Translation.
Initiation: mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit, tRNA binds to that mRNA’s start codon. Elongation: the large ribosomal subunit then binds, and the A site receives a new tRNA (with an amino acid attached) that corresponds to the next codon on the strand of mRNA. The tRNA in the P site will then transfer its chain of amino acids to the new tRNA in the A site. The ribosome then shifts, moving the A site tRNA to the P site. The original tRNA in the P site is then moved to the E site before it is released from the ribosome. This happens over and over till the correct polypeptide is formed. Termination: a release factor binds to the stop codon in the A site, everything detaches, the new polypeptide is made and ready.