Definitions
Informed consent is defined as...
a.) a statement given to participants at the conclusion of the study that informs them of the hypothesis and explains all the procedures used in the study.
b.) a researcher’s report informing the institutional review board (IRB) of the procedures that will be used in the study.
c.) a statement of a participant’s willingness to be in the study after being informed of the relevant procedures.
d.) an agreement between the researcher and participant such that the participant will complete the study as directed.
c.) a statement of a participant’s willingness to be in the study after being informed of the relevant procedures.
Which research question is a social psychologist most likely to pursue, given the scope of the discipline?
a.) Do personality factors like extraversion make people more obedient?
b.) How did a demographic variable like socioeconomic class influence voter participation in the last election?
c.) To what extent does the attractiveness of a speaker influence the persuasiveness of that speaker’s message?
d.) Is a systemic variable like poverty related to the development of mental health conditions like depression?
c.) To what extent does the attractiveness of a speaker influence the persuasiveness of that speaker’s message?
Joey meets Hector for the first time in the hallway outside their respective apartments. They flirt with each other for a few minutes, and then Hector invites Joey in for a glass of lemonade. While he is making the lemonade in the kitchen, Joey takes off all his clothes and prepares for a romantic encounter. Hector arrives with the lemonade and is shocked at what he sees. A social psychologist would say that Joey and Hector have very different __________ regarding this situation.
a.) construals
b.) theories of mind
c.) channel factors
d.) attitudes
a.) construals
Researchers surveyed fraternity members from “severe initiation” and “mild initiation” fraternities about their levels of commitment. They found that fraternity members who experienced severe initiation practices reported higher levels of commitment than those who experienced milder initiation practices. What is NOT a possible explanation for this finding?
a.) Undergoing painful initiation makes pledges more dedicated to the fraternity.
b.) People in mild initiation fraternities are disappointed if they do not experience a painful initiation.
c.) Leaving a fraternity after getting through the time and pain of initiation causes dissonance.
d.) People would only put up with severe initiation to get into a fraternity they believe they were really excited about.
b.) People in mild initiation fraternities are disappointed if they do not experience a painful initiation.
Lilette smokes cigarettes, but is fully aware that they are very bad for her health. Lately, she has been coughing more and more. She knows that the coughing is caused by her smoking and may be a sign of something serious, but she continues to smoke and cannot convince herself that cigarettes aren’t a problem. What should Lilette do to resolve the cognitive dissonance that she is experiencing?
a.) She should spend more time around others who smoke and who don’t have respiratory problems.
b.) She should visit her physician to make sure that her lungs are healthy.
c.) She should reduce her smoking from two packs to one pack of cigarettes a day.
d.) She should tell her boyfriend to stop her anytime she reaches for a cigarette.
c.) She should reduce her smoking from two packs to one pack of cigarettes a day.
Which of these results when people who watch a lot of television overestimate the dangerousness of the world around them?
a.) the representative heuristic
b.) illusory correlation
c.) bad-news bias in the media
d.) priming
c.) bad-news bias in the media
Professor Zajonc asked American college students whose first language was English to indicate how much they liked a variety of Turkish words. Dr. Zajonc randomly presented some of the words more frequently than others. The results showed that participants rated the words they saw more frequently as more likable. What is true about this study?
a.) This study may be low in external validity given the limited sample.
b.) This study is a natural experiment.
c.) This study is a simple survey study.
d.) This study is a field experiment.
a.) This study may be low in external validity given the limited sample.
Mary and Jason are investigating how ministers and priests feel about physician-assisted suicide. They have been gathering data for three months. Now that their data is collected, what would be the next step in the scientific method as Mary and Jason continue their research?
a.) analyzing the data
b.) formulating a theory
c.) constructing a hypothesis
d.) conducting a literature review
a.) analyzing the data
Claude Steele and his colleagues conducted a study in which both Black students and white students took a test that was described as being diagnostic of intelligence. Half of these students indicated their race on a demographic form immediately before the test, and the other half did not. According to the logic of stereotype threat theory, what is the most likely consequence of this subtle manipulation?
a.) Black students did not do as well on the test as white students, especially when race was primed.
b.) White students did worse on the test than Black students, especially when race was primed.
c.) Black students did worse on the test because it was described as being diagnostic.
d.) Black students did better than white students, especially when race was primed.
a.) Black students did not do as well on the test as white students, especially when race was primed.
A major company produces two commercials, one for its audiences in Korea and the other for its audiences in the United States. The first ad stresses the way in which the product will improve the lives of an entire family, while the second ad stresses the advantages the product offers for one person. Which commercial should be aired in Korea?
a.) the first ad
b.) the second ad
c.) Either ad would do just as well in either country.
d.) Either ad would do just as well in either country, as long as the audience is uneducated and unmotivated to attend to the central argument.
a.) the first ad
The likelihood of attitude change can depend on the confidence with which we hold the thoughts. Feeling confident about our thoughts makes it more likely we will be swayed in their direction rather than paying attention to information that contradicts them. This is
a.) the self-validation hypothesis.
b.) attitude inoculation.
c.) agenda control.
d.) the thought polarization hypothesis.
a.) the self-validation hypothesis.
According to Cohen and Gunz (2002), __________ are likely to describe a self-relevant event from their original point of view as a participant, but __________ are likely to describe a self-relevant event from the point of view of an observer.
a.) those with independent self-construals; those with interdependent self-construals
b.) high self-monitors; low self-monitors
c.) extroverts; introverts
d.) those who rely upon reflected appraisals; those who rely on self-appraisals
a.) those with independent self-construals; those with interdependent self-construals
Angelina ends a conversation with Jennifer very abruptly and hangs up the phone. Jennifer explains this behavior by assuming that Angelina is a rude person. Angelina explains her own behavior by noting that Jennifer had just insulted her. Which social-psychological principle explains the difference between these two attributions?
a.) the augmenting hypothesis
b.) the actor-observer difference
c.) the fundamental attribution error
d.) the discounting hypothesis
b.) the actor-observer difference
Research with White and Black children was conducted (Fegley et al., 2007). Given the choice between a White and a Black doll to play with, children (White and Black) chose the White doll. When asked which doll is naughty, they chose the Black doll. This is an example of which characteristic?
a.) behavioral asymmetry
b.) group polarization
c.) individual discrimination
d.) institutional discrimination
a.) behavioral asymmetry
Kevin had no interest in, or knowledge of, the AIDS crisis in Africa. It seemed like an issue that had very little relevance to his own life. For his political science class, however, he was required to hear a visiting campus speaker whose talk was all about the need to increase U.S. financial support to Africa to combat AIDS. According to the elaboration likelihood model, which aspect of the talk would most likely persuade Kevin to sign a petition advocating increasing U.S. financial support to Africa?
a.) a careful and detailed economic argument laid out by the speaker that demonstrated that an extremely small, almost unnoticeable, increase in money from the United States would result in dramatic improvements in Africa
b.) a flashy videotaped message in which a popular rock star, movie actor, and religious leader all voice support for giving more money to Africa
c.) a history of the AIDS crisis and its devastating consequences in Africa
d.) It is unlikely that any strategy would increase Kevin’s likelihood of signing the petition.
b.) a flashy videotaped message in which a popular rock star, movie actor, and religious leader all voice support for giving more money to Africa
Benevolent sexism refers to
a.) the positive stereotypes associated with women; for example, that they are nurturing.
b.) the offer of protection for those women who conform to traditional gender roles.
c.) an acceptance of feminism.
d.) the negative stereotypes associated with women.
b.) the offer of protection for those women who conform to traditional gender roles.
Gibson and Zielaskowski (2013) primed participants with images of dollar signs so quickly that the images could not consciously be recognized. They found that this subliminal presentation
a.) did not have any significant impact on the participants’ betting on a laboratory slot machine.
b.) resulted in participants increasing their betting on a laboratory slot machine.
c.) led participants to be in a more negative mood after the study.
d.) led participants to switch careers to obtain higher-paying jobs after the study.
b.) resulted in participants increasing their betting on a laboratory slot machine.
While riding up a ski lift, you see a skier falling down the mountain. You decide that the skier must not have been very skilled and should have been on an easier slope. Your friend, however, thinks the skier fell because conditions on the mountain were dangerous. You are making a __________ attribution, and your friend is making a __________ attribution.
a.) dispositional (internal); situational (external)
b.) situational (external); dispositional (internal)
c.) environmental; personal
d.) specific; global
a.) dispositional (internal); situational (external)
Diener and his colleagues conducted a study in 1976 on trick-or-treating on Halloween night. They found that children who were
a.) in a group and not identified took more candy than they were allowed, compared with children who were alone and identified.
b.) in costumes that covered their faces were more likely to steal money than children whose faces could be seen.
c.) identified by name by the experimenter behaved in a more deindividuated manner.
d.) in a group and not identified took more candy than they were allowed, but only when they were with other children who were alone and could be identified.
a.) in a group and not identified took more candy than they were allowed, compared with children who were alone and identified.
You are part of an experiment in which you are asked to determine the length of a measuring stick. Everyone else believes it is six inches, but you see things differently. What would best help you to resist conforming in this experiment?
a.) knowing that all the participants were strangers and you would never see them again
b.) knowing that all the participants would not judge you for sticking to what you believe in
c.) knowing that all the participants were wearing distorting glasses
d.) knowing that all the participants were your closest friends and family
c.) knowing that all the participants were wearing distorting glasses
According to social identity theory, self-esteem results from evaluations of
a.) personal identity.
b.) other people’s views of our personal identity.
c.) group memberships and personal identity.
d.) how we think other people view our social identity.
c.) group memberships and personal identity.
Dweck’s research found that elementary school girls are more likely than elementary school boys to be led to believe that their failures are due to intellectual inadequacies. This type of socialization may lead
a.) girls to attribute failure to controllable causes.
b.) boys to attribute failure to uncontrollable causes.
c.) boys to believe that girls are more intelligent.
d.) girls to attribute failure to uncontrollable causes.
d.) girls to attribute failure to uncontrollable causes.
In response to recent talk about a worldwide flu epidemic, Quita develops a strong attitude in favor of getting a flu shot, even though she has never had one before. Darrell shares her opinion and has regularly received flu shots each year. Whose attitude will be a more reliable predictor of their behavior?
a.) Darrell’s attitude will be more likely to predict his behavior; Quita’s attitude will be less likely to predict her behavior.
b.) Quita’s attitude will predict her behavior; Darrell’s attitude will not predict his behavior.
c.) It is impossible to judge whether either person’s attitude will predict their behavior.
d.) Both Darrell’s and Quita’s attitudes will predict their behavior.
a.) Darrell’s attitude will be more likely to predict his behavior; Quita’s attitude will be less likely to predict her behavior.
According to research by Zajonc, the mere presence of another person has an effect on our behavior because
a.) the self-consciousness we feel around other people is distracting.
b.) we are physiologically aroused because our attention is split between the other person and the task at hand.
c.) we are evolutionarily wired to anticipate a conflict with the other person.
d.) we become self-aware and experience the spotlight effect.
b.) we are physiologically aroused because our attention is split between the other person and the task at hand.
Jordan first asks her friends to participate in a psychological experiment that runs from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on a Saturday. They all say no. Then Jordan asks if they could maybe just come for the most important part of the study, which is from 10:00 a.m. until 11:00 a.m. on Saturday. Most agree, despite the fact that it is usually extremely difficult to get Jordan’s friends to wake up earlier than noon on Saturdays. Jordan has implemented what compliance technique?
a.) foot-in-the-door
b.) door-in-the-face
c.) norm of reciprocity
d.) negative state relief
b.) door-in-the-face