Foundations of Research
Three-part definition
1. Patient-oriented research
2. Epidemiologic and behavioral studies
3. Outcome research and health services research
What is clinical research?
Established three basic ethical principles that have become the foundation for research efforts, serving as justification for human actions
What is the Belmont Report?
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ration are the four
What are levels of measurement?
method primarily focuses on describing the nature of a demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular phenomenon occurs.
What is descriptive research?
systematic - empirical - critical examination - control all help to define
What is the Scientific Method
The most important ethical tenant in human studies research-and must be obtained for participation
What is informed consent?
systematic errors or not a threat to ____, instead systemic errors only threaten the _____ of a measure
What are reliability and validity?
an experimental design in which the treatment or other intervention is removed during one or more periods.
relates to the use of best evidence along with clinical expertise and patient values in making clinical decisions.
the obligation to attend to the well-being of individuals
What is beneficence?
The measure of variability among scores in a sample
What is variance?
Participants and not randomly assigned to the experimental groups.
Participants are categorized and then put into a respective experimental group.
Researchers do not design a treatment.
Researchers study the existing groups of treatments received.
It includes a pre-test.
What is quasi-experimental design?
An RCT is designed to study the ____ of new therapy by comparing it to a placebo or standard care.
What is efficacy?
fairness in the research practices, or the equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens.
What is Justice
Ru Paul's famous tagline when a drag queen loses her lip-sink challenge and is asked to leave the runway
What is "sashay away"?
used to compare two population means where you have two samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample.
What is a paired t-test?
Endpoint measures that may also be used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention, as well as side effects, cost, or other outcomes of interest.
What are secondary outcomes?
the appropriation of another person/s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit or attribution, and representing the work as one's own
What is plagiarism
different researchers conduct the same measurement or observation on the same sample. Then you calculate the correlation between their different sets of results
What is reliability?
a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant primary research, and to extract and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review.
What is a systematic review?