Fluid volume
What are symptoms of fluid volume deficit?
skin tenting, tachycardia, hypotension, concentrated urine, confusion, thirst
What is the normal range for potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
what is the normal range for sodium?
135-145 mEq/L
what is the normal range for calcium?
9-10.5 mg/dL
confusion, muscle weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, excessive urination, cardiac arrest and arrhythmias.
what is the normal range for magnesium?
1.8-2.6 mEq/L
What is a normal body ph?
7.35
What is an insensible loss and do you need to count it in an I&O?
sweat is one insensible loss and yes you do need to count it in an I&O
What are some reasons for fluid volume deficit?
What are some signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
lethargic, shallow respirations, lethal cardiac dysrhythmias, leg cramps, low blood pressure, lots of urine output
Think- everything slows
What is hyponatremia caused by?
losing more sodium than water or gaining more water than sodium. Ng suction, burns, diuretics, SIADH, etc
What are some symptoms of hypocalcemia?
tachycardia, hypotension, positive chvosteks or trousseaus sign, hyperactive bowel sounds, seizures.
What are some causes of hypercalcemia?
high milk or antacid intake, kidney disease, lithium use
What are some symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
twitching, confusion, seizure, tachycardia, palpitations
what is a normal PaCO2?
35-45
What kidney labs elevate with clinical dehydration?
What are some causes of fluid volume excess?
Excessive IV fluids, Kidney failure, heart Failure, steroid use, SIADH, High sodium intake
What are some symptoms of hypokalemia?
loop diuretics (furosemide), too much water, not enough k+ intake, Cushing Syndrome, heavy fluid loss (vomiting, ect)
What are some symptoms of hyponatremia?
tachycardia, weakness, cramping, muscle twitching, confusion
how to treat hypocalcemia?
calcium supplements with vitamin D, seizure precautions, calcium gluconate
how to treat hypercalcemia?
phosphorus/biophosphonates
What are some causes of hypomagnesemia?
alcoholism, anorexia/bulimia, diuresis, medications
What is a normal HCO3?
22-26
what is the number one cause of fluid volume deficit?
burns
What are some treatments/interventions of fluid volume excess?
positioning, oxygen, monitor vitals including daily weight, monitor electrolytes
What are some foods high in potassium?
Avocados, tomatoes, carrots, fish
What are some causes of hypernatremia?
When is the Chvosteks sign positive?
when tapping the facial nerve in front of the ear causes twitching of the facial muscles.
What is a magnesium antidote?
calcium gluconate
What are some causes of hypermagnesemia?
overuse of antacids/laxatives, renal insufficiency,
What ABG changes would you see with respiratory acidosis?
decreased PH and increased PaCO2 and normal HCO3
What do you need in order to absorb calcium?
vitamin d
What are some symptoms of fluid volume excess?
Neuro changes like headaches, confusion, seizures, pulmonary congestion, nausea, elevated blood pressure, bounding pulse, tachycardia, edema,
What are some causes of Hyperkalemia?
tenting skin, thirst, elevated temperature, muscle twitching, seizures.
When is trousseaus sign positive?
when spasms of the hands and wrist occur after inflating the blood pressure cuff above the patients systolic BP for 3-5 mins
When the ph goes down does the carbon or does the bicarb normally go down with it? and is that considered respiratory or metabolic acidosis?
the bicarb (HCO3) goes down when the PH goes down and it is considered metabolic acidosis.
What are some symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, loss of deep tendon reflexes.
What ABG changes would you expect to see with metabolic alkalosis?
increased PH, increased HCO3, normal PaCO2
What body system does sodium tend to affect the most?
neuro