Oh, Nerve You Didn't!
The preganglionic nerve fibers for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system produce what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What is the name of the protein that flips from a cis to a trans conformation when light photons hit it?
Rhodopsin
Protein Kinase A
What are the five primary tastes?
Sour
Salty
Sweet
Bitter
Umami
Scala vestibule and tympani contain what type of fluid?
Perilymph
True or False: One of the main reasons for peripheral fatigue is that muscles no longer have ATP?
FALSE
This part of the retina is where cones are concentrated the most and there are almost always no rods.
Fovea Centralis
In a G protein (Gs) coupled receptor cascade, ______ catalyzes the conversion of intracellular ATP to cAMP?
Adenylate Cyclase
For both taste and smell, what happens prior to the chemical stimulating the receptors?
They are dissolved in aqueous solution such as mucus or saliva
Which window does the stapes make direct contact with in the inner ear?
Oval Window
In which of the following ways are sympathetic postganglionic neurons DIFFERENT from Alpha-motor neurons?
a) Neurotransmitter released
b) Myelination
c) Neuron size
d) All of the above
e) Only A and C
All of the above
This is the secondary messenger in the photoreceptor G-protein pathway
G-transductin
The G-protein specific for the olfactory reception is called what?
G-olf.
Which papillae is associated with these statements:
- Most numerous
- Sensation of Touch
-NO taste buds
Filiform Papillae
True or False: The intensity (loudness) discrimination depend on the frequency of vibration?
False. Amplitude
Which of the following neurons is/are unmyelinated?
a) III
b) C
c) Beta
d) Gamma
e) All of the above
b) C
Which of the following is true of horizontal cells?
a) Their electrical signals are always inhibitory
b) Their Electrical Signals are always excitatory
c) They enhance Visual Contrast
d) Both A and C
e) Both B and C
D) both A and C
In a Gq pathway, Phospholipase C converts PIP2 into ____ and ____
IP3 and DAG
Are salty and sour receptors ion channels or GPCR?
Ion channels
Hair cells are exited when stereocilia are displayed towards the what?
Kinocilium
During which phase of an action potential, a stronger than regular stimulus is required to trigger a new action potential?
Relative refractory Period
True or False: Activated transductin activates phosphodiesterase which breaks down cGMP causing Na+ channels in the outer segment to close which causes the photoreceptor cell to depolarize and reduce the release of glutamine.
False
In the G protein signaling pathway, ____ and ____ components of the G protein Gustductin activate Phospholipase C which increases the concentration of IP3
Beta and Gamma
When a Sweet, bitter, or umami taste receptor is activated, IP3 concentration increases, which releases Calcium. Calcium then allows for the influx of ___ and the secretion of ___
Influx of Na+
Secretion of ATP
When relaxed, the stapedius muscle and tympani muscle....
a) Amplify sound conduction
b) Attenuate sound conduction
c) Reduce high-frequency Conduction
d) Filter 1000 to 2000 Hz noises
e) None of the above
E) None of the above