Action potentials and nervous system
Where are ligand-gated ion channels and how do they cause graded potentials?
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Both are part of the autonomic nervous system (PNS),
Sympathetic: "fight or flight"
Parasympathetic: "rest and digest"
What is an anabolic process?
Catabolic: Pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
Anabolic: Pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones
What is the ATP cycle?
1. ATP hydrolysis releases energy for cellular work
2. Energy-yielding catabolism recharges ADP -> ATP
What is the systemic circuit?
Heart -> body -> heart
What are graded potentials?
Local, small changes in membrane potential, can be polarizing or hyper-polarinig, spread passively and decreases with distance.
What is the somatic and autonomic nervous system?
Both are branches of the PNS,
Somatic: Voluntary movement (Skeletal muscles)
Autonomic: Involuntary movements
What is kinetic, potential, and chemical energy?
Kinetic: Energy of motion
Potential: Stored energy
Chemical energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP generation powered by the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain
What are capillary beds and pre-capillary sphincters?
Capillary beds: network of capillaries where exchange of gas, nutrients, and waste occurs
Pre-capillary sphincters: rings of smooth muscle at the entry of capillaries, regulate blood flow to the capillary beds
What are the functions of the nervous system?
1. Sensory input
2. Integration
3. Motor output
What are the four basic components of the sensory system?
Reception: detection of stimulus
Transduction: conversion of stimulus into a change in membrane potential
Transmission: sending info to the CNS as action potentials
Perception: interpretation of signals by the brain
What is Gibbs free energy?
The amount of energy available to do work in a system at constant temp and pressure
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
It is the direct transfer of a phosphate from an organic molecule to ADP to make ATP
What are arterioles and venules?
Arterioles: smaller branches of arteries, control blood flow to capillary beds
Venules: Collect blood from capillaries, low pressure return
What is the CNS and PNS?
CNS: brain, spinal cord
PNS: brings info from body to CNS, divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
What are mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors?
Mechanoreceptors: physical deformation
Chemoreceptors: Chemicals
What is an exergonic and endergonic process?
Exergonic: Energy released, spontaneous
Endergonic: Energy required, non spontaneous
Does volume or surface area increase faster?
Volume
What happens during diastole?
-relaxation
-atria and ventricles relax
-AV valves open
-Blood flows into ventricles
What are the steps of action potential
1. Resting state
2. Depolarization
3. Rising phase
4. Falling phase
5. Hyperpolarization
6. Return to resting potential
Photoreceptors: detect light
Thermoreceptors: detect heat
What is a spontaneous process?
Occurs without needing external energy, has negative Gibbs free energy
What is the pulmonary circuit?
heart -> lungs-> heart
What happens during systole?
-contraction
-AV vaves close
-Ventricles contract and pressure rises