+ Functional Groups + Macro-
Molecules
Describe the bonds of a water (H2O) molecule and how this affects its interaction with different ions
Water has polar covalent bonds; O is more electronegative than H, so it carries a partial negative charge; negative O interacts with positively-charged ions
The following figure shows examples of what kind of reaction?
Dehydration reaction
Where does H+ flow in mitochondria in ATP synthase? How about the chloroplast?
Intermembrane to matrix; thylakoid space to the stroma
T/F. DNA replication is a conservative Process
T/F DNA Pol I adds nucleotides and DNA Pol III replaces RNA primer with DNA
False
False, it's flipped
A: Arrival --> Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activates tRNA
P: Peptide --> peptide bond is formed
E: Exit --> tRNA leavesss
Rank the following from weakest to strongest: hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals, covalent bonds, ionic bonds
Van der Waals < Ionic Bond < H Bond < Covalent Bond
Which molecule(s) is an example of a polymer?
2 and 4
What are the steps of cellular respiration if I do have O2?
Name the pathway (in humans) that uses no oxygen or aka anaerobic?
glycolysis--> pyruvate dehydrogenase complex --> Krebs --> ETC --> ATP synthase
Glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation
Stages of mitosis?
In the cell cycle, what part takes the most amount of time? and what substeps is it made from?
-Prophase
(Prometaphase)
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
Interphase and it's made from G1, S, G2
What are the three parts of transcription & translation? What is added to pre-mRNA? What is spliced off? What two structures meet at the ribosome?
Initiation, elongation, termination
5' Cap & Poly-A tail
Introns are spliced off
Codons and Anticodons from mRNA and tRNA respectively
These two functional groups are always found in amino acids
carboxyl and amino
The structure that is responsible for membrane fluidity & acting as a buffer in both warm and cool temperatures.
Bragging rights if you say what macromolecule it is
What is Cholesterol?
And it's a steroid
What is Paracrine signaling? and give an example
Hormones use what type of signaling?
Local signaling and synaptic signaling is an example of that
endocrine
How many blood types are there and what are they? What type of inheritance is blood type? Is this the same inheritance as a red and white flower making a pink flower? (think of the big three)
4; A, B, O, AB
It is codomiance dominance, think of the speckled dog example
No! Red + white flowers making pink is an example of incomplete dominance
What kind of mutation occurs with sickle cell anemia? Why does the shape change (talk about the amino acid that is changing and how its properties differ)? What is the advantage of this mutation?
What are the three different types of mutations?
SNP mutation
regular round hemoglobin --> crescent moon since glutamic acid (a polar amino acid) changes to valine (a nonpolar amino acid)
Advantage --> malaria
Part 2
1). changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy: monosomy and trisomy)
2). large-scale changes in chromosomes (inversions, translocations, large deletions)
3). point mutations (small DNA changes)
This functional group is famous for making a bridge in tertiary structures
sulfhydryl
The optimal conditions that let an enzyme thrive
(Hint: it’s three things)
What is pH, temperature, and the most active shape for the enzyme molecule(sometimes aided by cofactors)
T/F P680/ PS II comes first in photosynthesis and then P700/ PS I.
Is water split at both photosystems?
True
False, Only at PS II/ PS680
I have the gene for Hair categorized by H --> black hair and h --> blonde hair. I also have eye color and B --> for brown eyes and b --> for blue eyes. What are the chances parents with a phenotype of hhBb and Hhbb produce a child with Black hair and blue eyes?
Probability for black hair --> (1/2)
Probability for blue eyes --> (1/2)
(1/2)(1/2) = (1/4) aka 25%
What are the two ways that DNA structure is regulated?
1). Histone Modifications --> histone acetylation
2). DNA Methylation --> adding methyl group (mostly on cytosine)
Which compound(s) are liquid at room temperature?
Linoleic and Oleic acid
These are two different forms of active transport
1). Method that couples a molecule moving down its concentration gradient with another that is not
2). Another one use the help of ATP
What is cotransport and the a membrane pump, respectively?
Ex of pumps include proton pump and sodium-potassium pump
What is the 3 main types of membrane receptors?
G-Protein, ion channel, and Tyrosine Kinase
What helps genetic diversity in meiosis for inheritance? What part of meiosis does it occur and what structure is made?
-Independent Assortment
-Crossing Over
Happens in metaphase I of meiosis and the tetrad is formed
How is Trp regulated in bacteria? What kind of feedback is it?
Explain the significance of this system in the expression of Albumin and crystallin
It is controlled by an operon system. It is negative feedback.
The significance is a different expression of the same genes in different cell types