Topic 1). Chem Basis of Life
+ Functional Groups + Macro-
Molecules

Topic 2). Macromolecules continued + Membrane and Enzymatic Activity
Topic 3). Cellular Respiration + Photosynthesis + Signaling
Topic 4). Genetic Material + DNA Replication + Inheritance

Topic 5). Central Dogma + Mutations + Gene Expression
100

Describe the bonds of a water (H2O) molecule and how this affects its interaction with different ions

Water has polar covalent bonds; O is more electronegative than H, so it carries a partial negative charge; negative O interacts with positively-charged ions

100

The following figure shows examples of what kind of reaction?



Dehydration reaction

100


Where does H+ flow in mitochondria in ATP synthase? How about the chloroplast?


 

Intermembrane to matrix; thylakoid space to the stroma


100

T/F. DNA replication is a conservative Process 

T/F DNA Pol I adds nucleotides and DNA Pol III replaces RNA primer with DNA


False 

False, it's flipped

100
What are the three sites on a ribosome and what do they serve to do?

A: Arrival --> Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activates tRNA 

P: Peptide --> peptide bond is formed 

E: Exit --> tRNA leavesss

200

Rank the following from weakest to strongest: hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals, covalent bonds, ionic bonds

Van der Waals < Ionic Bond < H Bond < Covalent Bond

200

Which molecule(s) is an example of a polymer?


2 and 4


200

What are the steps of cellular respiration if I do have O2?

Name the pathway (in humans) that uses no oxygen or aka anaerobic?

glycolysis--> pyruvate dehydrogenase complex --> Krebs --> ETC --> ATP synthase 

Glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation


200

Stages of mitosis?

In the cell cycle, what part takes the most amount of time? and what substeps is it made from?

 

-Prophase 

(Prometaphase) 

-Metaphase 

-Anaphase 

-Telophase


Interphase and it's made from G1, S, G2 



200

What are the three parts of transcription & translation? What is added to pre-mRNA? What is spliced off? What two structures meet at the ribosome?

Initiation, elongation, termination 

5' Cap & Poly-A tail 

Introns are spliced off 

Codons and Anticodons from mRNA and tRNA respectively 

300

These two functional groups are always found in amino acids

carboxyl and amino

300

The structure that is responsible for membrane fluidity & acting as a buffer in both warm and cool temperatures. 


Bragging rights if you say what macromolecule it is    

What is Cholesterol?

And it's a steroid  


 

300

What is Paracrine signaling? and give an example 

Hormones use what type of signaling? 


Local signaling and synaptic signaling is an example of that

endocrine




300

How many blood types are there and what are they? What type of inheritance is blood type? Is this the same inheritance as a red and white flower making a pink flower? (think of the big three)

4; A, B, O, AB 

It is codomiance dominance, think of the speckled dog example

No! Red + white flowers making pink is an example of incomplete dominance 

300

What kind of mutation occurs with sickle cell anemia? Why does the shape change (talk about the amino acid that is changing and how its properties differ)? What is the advantage of this mutation?


What are the three different types of mutations?

SNP mutation 

regular round hemoglobin --> crescent moon since glutamic acid (a polar amino acid) changes to valine (a nonpolar amino acid)

Advantage --> malaria 


Part 2

1). changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy: monosomy and trisomy)

2). large-scale changes in chromosomes (inversions, translocations, large deletions) 

3).  point mutations  (small DNA changes)

400

This functional group is famous for making a bridge in tertiary structures

sulfhydryl

400

The optimal conditions that let an enzyme thrive 


(Hint: it’s three things)  

What is pH, temperature, and the most active shape for the enzyme molecule(sometimes aided by cofactors)


400


T/F P680/ PS II comes first in photosynthesis and then P700/ PS I.

Is water split at both photosystems?



True

False, Only at PS II/ PS680

400

I have the gene for Hair categorized by H --> black hair and h --> blonde hair. I also have eye color and B --> for brown eyes and b --> for blue eyes. What are the chances parents with a phenotype of hhBb and Hhbb produce a child with Black hair and blue eyes?

Probability for black hair --> (1/2)

Probability for blue eyes --> (1/2)


(1/2)(1/2) = (1/4) aka 25%




400

What are the two ways that DNA structure is regulated?

1). Histone Modifications --> histone acetylation 

2). DNA Methylation --> adding methyl group (mostly on cytosine)

500

Which compound(s) are liquid at room temperature?



Linoleic and Oleic acid

500

These are two different forms of active transport 

1). Method that couples a molecule moving down its concentration gradient with another that is not

2). Another one use the help of ATP

  

What is cotransport and the a membrane pump, respectively? 

Ex of pumps include proton pump and sodium-potassium pump 


500


What is the 3 main types of membrane receptors?



G-Protein, ion channel, and Tyrosine Kinase

500

What helps genetic diversity in meiosis for inheritance? What part of meiosis does it occur and what structure is made?

-Independent Assortment 

-Crossing Over 

Happens in metaphase I of meiosis and the tetrad is formed 

500

How is Trp regulated in bacteria? What kind of feedback is it?

Explain the significance of this system in the expression of Albumin and crystallin 

It is controlled by an operon system. It is negative feedback.

The significance is a different expression of the same genes in different cell types 

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