Intro to pharm
What organ is responsible for primary exertion of a drug
Kidneys
What is a double-blind study
Both researchers and participants do not know which drug is the placebo and which is the real drug
is someone allowed to refuse a medication, if not why
People are always allowed to refuse, make sure you document you educated the patient and that they actually understand the purpose of the med
they must be oriented to refuse
what does a class 1 controlled substance mean
drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
What is onset of action
time required for the drug to elicit therapeutic response
What is the generic name and what is the trade name
Generic - official name, assigned by FDA (name we use)
Trade - designed by the manufacturer
What is a black box warning
strictest warning from the FDA
Indicates serious adverse effects have been reported with the drug
the drug can still be prescribed
Why are older adults more likely to have adverse effects of toxicity
decline in organ function
decrease muscle and fat
decreased metabolism
decreased Cardiac output
Decreased blood flow (decreased renal excretion)
What is physical dependence
physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms (e.g., tachycardia in an opioid-addicted patient)
A decrease in drug metabolism causes what to happen to the drug in the body
accumulate/ increased drug toxicity
Name the 9 rights
Right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right patient, right documentation, right reason, right to refuse, right response
Phase one of research involves
A few doses are given to a small number of healthy volunteers to establish safety
a patient says a medication is not on their list, but it is on their MAR in the hospital. What do you do
Check with the MD before giving, understand reason and wanted effect of medicaion, educate patient
What is psychological dependence
also known as addiction, the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug
what do you do if you notice an error in an order?
Contact MD and get clarification, make sure the order is changed prior to administering medication, prevent an error for the next person
What is half life
time required for one-half of the drug to be removed form the body
What happens in phase 3 of research
Large-scale randomized, controlled studies
larger sample size is to provide information about infrequent or rare adverse effects
Further define risk-benefit ratio
What do you ask to assess orientation
Person
place
time
situation
Category x in pregnancy drug classification
Fetal abnormalities have been reported, and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies
What do you assess before educating a patient? How do you educate them?
learning level, ability to learn at that moment, written information, verbal information, show them, teach back
what should you assess before giving a medication?
PMH, Hx present illness, VS, region, ability to swallow/route, allergies, ect.
What allows a drug to be OTC
Simple rules to follow with dosing
Accurate self-diagnosing
easy to understand label and interpret warnings
Adverse drug event vs adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug event = external or internal, vary from no effects to mild discomfort to life-threatening complications or death (use your 9 rights)
Adverse drug reaction = any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug dosages (allergic reaction)
What is acute therapy, maintenance therapy, supplemental therapy
Acute = implemented in the acutely or the critically ill, needed to sustain life or treat disease
Maintenance = Chronic illness
Supplemental = replace substances to maintain normal funciton