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Lexi goes to work every day because she needs a paycheck every week. This is known as ____________ motivation.
A. intrinsic
B. classical
C. extrinsic
D. humanistic
C. Extrinsic
Extrinsic motivation occurs when there is an external factor or factors (paycheck) that encourages the individual to perform the desired behavior (work). Intrinsic motivation occurs from internal factors. Classical and humanistic motivations are not behavioral concepts.
Social psychology examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the __________.
A. situation
B. memory
C. brain
D. individual
A. Situation
Social psychologists assert that an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are very much influenced by social situations. Essentially, people will change their behavior to align with the social situation at hand. In this case, the power would not be with the individual because the individual behavior is what is affected. The memory and brain are more closely related to cognitive and behavioral psychology and also do not fit in this context.
The people with whom you have the most _________ is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you form friendships and romantic relationships.
A. similarities
B. contact
C. differences
D. history
B. Contact
Proximity is key to building relationships. We are likely to be friends with whom we have regular contact. We are also likely to form relationships with those who have similarities to us, but little to no contact would likely prevent a relationship from being built. There is no evidence that “opposites attract”. History may be important to cultivating and maintaining relationships, but proximity and contact preclude having a history with someone.
During the fight-or-flight response, the sympathetic nervous system triggers arousal by releasing __________.
A. serotonin
B. dopamine
C. adrenaline
D. GABA
C. adrenaline
When a person perceives an event to be overwhelming or threatening, the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system are activated. Adrenaline is released to alert the body that it needs to prepare for stress. Serotonin, dopamine, and GABA are all neurotransmitters that play a role in regulating behavior.
Which of the following is not a necessary function of classification systems of mental disorders.
A. diagnostic features
B. diagnostic criteria
C. prevalence of the disorder
D. treatment recommendations
D. treatment recommendations
Classification systems provide a defined set of symptoms that assist professionals in diagnosing psychological disorders. Included in the framework for each disorder are diagnostic features, diagnostic criteria, and what percent of the population is thought to be afflicted with the disorder. Classification systems do not provide treatment recommendations.
Albert Bandura theorized that ____________ play(s) a pivotal role in motivating behavior.
A. habits
B. instincts
C. homeostasis
D. self-efficacy
D. Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task. This may be derived from that individual successfully completing an exact or similar task previously. Habits are patterns of behavior that we engage in regularly, instincts are natural behaviors that are not learned, and homeostasis is the tendency for a biological system to remain balanced.
The fundamental attribution error is applied when people overemphasize _________ factors as explanations for the behavior of others.
A. historical
B. external
C. internal
D. familial
C. internal
According to the fundamental attribution error, people assume that others’ behavior is a trait of that person; therefore overemphasizing internal factors and overlooking external factors. Historical and familial factors are not emphasized in the fundamental attribution error, as these factors would be on a more external level.
Jaliyah volunteers at the animal shelter. The work is dirty, she doesn’t get paid, and she gives up her weekends. However, she knows that the shelter is underfunded and the animals are in desperate need, so she wants to help. Jaliyah is demonstrating what type of pro-social behavior?
A. sympathy
B. altruism
C. empathy
D. homophily
B. Altruism
Altruism is when someone’s desire to help others outweighs the benefits of helping. Jaliyah has a strong desire to help, even though the conditions are difficult. Sympathy is feeling sadness or pity for another person, empathy involves being able to understand another person’s perspective and feeling what that person feels. Homophily is related to people’s tendency to form social networks.
Researchers have demonstrated that the frequency of _________ __________ is actually a better predictor of both physical and psychological health than are life change units.
A. chronic stressors
B. acute stressors
C. daily hassles
D. readjustment occurrences
C. daily hassles
While chronic, acute, and readjustment stress can all be problematic, they do not necessarily have the same frequency and insidious effects as daily hassles.
The ___________________ model integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.
A. comorbidity
B. diathesis-stress
C. positive psychology
D. cognitive
B. diathesis-stress
The diathesis-stress model suggests that people with an underlying predisposition for a disorder are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. Comorbidity isn’t considered a model; rather it is the concurrence of two disorders. Positive psychology does not focus on pathology, and a cognitive model focuses on changing one’s thoughts; not predispositions.
According to Abraham Maslow, if our __________ needs aren’t meant, we can’t achieve security.
A. social
B. esteem
C. self-actualization
D. physiological
D. physiological
In Maslow’s proposed hierarchy of needs, lower-needs must be satisfied in order to move to the next level of needs higher in the pyramid. Physiological needs are considered the most basic and are in the first tier of the hierarchy. Social needs are third tier, esteem is fourth tier, and self-actualization is fifth tear.
In __________ social influence, people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group.
A. informational
B. normative
C. obedient
D. polarizing
B. normative
Normative social influence influences behavior because people want to belong in social groups. Informational influence involves people conforming because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information. Obedience is evident when a person complies with a demand by an authority figure. Polarizing takes place within a group when the original attitude of the group is strengthened after the discussion. However, if individuals were separated from the group, their opinion might change in the absence of group influence.
Hans Selye’s research was based on the idea that stress was due to a ___________ reaction.
A. psychological
B. social
C. cognitive
D. physiological
D. physiological
Disorders that involve the ________________ system have been a major focal point in the study of psychophysiological disorders.
A. digestive
B. endocrine
C. neurological
D. cardiovascular
D. cardiovascular
Given that heart disease causes approximately one in three deaths in any given year in the United States, the cardiovascular system has incurred much attention in the field of research. Digestive, endocrine, and neurological systems also suffer negative impacts from stress, but the number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease renders that area of research the most prominent.
Which disorder is often referred to as the common cold of psychiatry?
A. major depressive
B. panic
C. generalized anxiety
D. body dysmorphic
A. major depressive
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common disorders that is treated in the United States. Around 16.9%of the U. S. population will experience major depressive disorder in their lifetime. An estimated 4.7% of adults in the U.S. are afflicted with panic disorder during their lifetime. 5.7% of adults in the U.S. have symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and 2.4% of adults in the U.S. meet the criteria for body dysmorphic disorder.
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotions arise from ________________ arousal.
A. psychological
B. cognitive
C. physiological
D. spiritual
C. physiological
The James-Lange theory postulates that emotions are caused by physiological arousal. Cognitive arousal is indicated in the Shachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion. Psychological and spiritual arousal are not specific theories of emotion.
The capacity to understand another’s perspective and to feel what he or she feels is known as _________________.
A. sympathy
B. altruism
C. empathy
D. homophily
C. empathy
A person displays empathy when he or she makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help. Sympathy is when one feels sadness or pity for another person. Altruism is people’s desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping. Homophily is the tendency for people to form social networks.
A critical element of viewing stress as a process is how we ____________ a situation which in turn influences our reactions to such events.
A. appraise
B. modify
C. develop
D. ignore
A. appraise
Perception and response to events are critical elements of how stress is conceptualized. When an individual appraises or assesses that an event is overwhelming or threatening to his well-being, stress ensues. Modifying, developing, or ignoring are not critical elements in determining stress as a process.
Identifying the problem, considering possible solutions, weighing the cost and benefit of these solutions, and selecting an alternative are related to which coping strategy?
A. problem-focused
B. minimizing
C. positive comparison
D. emotion-focused
A. problem-focused
Problem-focused coping includes a series of steps, similar to that which is used in everyday problem-solving. Minimizing and positive comparison are elements of emotion-focused coping, which is defined as our efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress.
Which of the following does not pose a risk factor for predicting later violence in elementary school-aged children.
A. parental violence
B. parental attitudes toward violence
C. peer delinquency
D. economic deprivation
A. parental violence
Research has shown that parental violence only considered as a risk factor for predicting later violence during the middle school years. Parental attitudes toward violence, peer delinquency, and economic deprivation are all risk factors for predicting later violence in elementary-aged children.
Match the name with the explanation.
1. Hypothalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Amygdala
4. Hippocampus
A. Integrates emotional experience with cognition
B. processes emotional information and sends to cortical structures
C. sensory relay center
D. activation of sympathetic nervous system
1. Hypothalamus (D) - activation of sympathetic nervous system
2. Thalamus (C) - sensory relay center
3. Amygdala (B) - processes emotional information and sends to cortical structures
4. Hippocampus (A) - integrates emotional experience with cognition
Match the name with the explanation.
1. Conformity
2. Obedience
3. Compliance
A. the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group
B. the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with the demand by an authority figure
C. going along with a request or demand
1. Conformity(A): The change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group
2. Obedience (B): The change of an individual’s behavior to comply with the demand by an authority figure
3. Compliance (C): Going along with a request or demand
Which of the following is not a common topic that is studied by positive psychologists?
A. subjective experiences
B. pathology and faults
C. global community
D. immune system functioning
B. pathology and faults
Positive psychology focuses on what helps individuals lead happy, contented lives. This approach differs from others in that the focus is not on pathology, faults, and problems. Positive psychology values subjective experiences, improving immune system functioning for overall health, and has recently extended its principles toward peace and well-being in the global community.
Wakefield (1992) proposed that which of the following must be present in order to determine what can be labeled as a psychological disorder.
A. medical evidence
B. harmful dysfunction
C. physiological symptoms
D. rational thought
B. harmful dysfunction
While no universal definition exists of what constitutes a psychological disorder, Wakefield proposed that harmful dysfunction separates what is and what isn’t problematic to an individual. Medical evidence and physiological symptoms are not necessary for determining psychological disorders, and rational thought can be a helpful coping mechanism in addressing certain psychological disorders.
This one is a surprise.
3 extra points for all class members who are present tonight. Points can/ will be added to your midterm and/or final.