Viking Age
This term refers to Norse Raiders who attacked Christian Europe between 793 and 1000.
Viking
This term refers to everyday Christians who have no formal role in the Church.
Laity (lay/ laymen /laywomen).
This mounted warrior/soldier became the cornerstone of European armies during the central Middle Ages.
Knight (miles/milites).
Revitalization of these nuclei of trade and craft production were a direct outgrowth of the markets that arose following the so-called medieval warm-up.
This term refers to the "rebirth" of learning during the central Middle Ages.
Renaissance of the Twelfth Century.
This Anglo-Saxon kingdom was the only one to withstand the Viking Great Army and went on to establish the kingdom of England in the early tenth century.
The Kingdom of Wessex.
This term describes clergymen who lived cloistered lives (away from society) dedicated to prayer. Monks belong to this group.
The regular clergy.
This fortified structure, initially built from wood, allowed humble lords in the eleventh-century to dominate a local environment and thus carve out a sphere of independent, private power.
Castle (castellum/ castrum)
This practice of loaning money w/ interest was seen as morally unclean. It was prohibited by the Church and pushed onto Urban Jewish communities.
The Christian capture of this Muslim-held city in 1085 sparked a translation project that returned works of the ancient word to wester Europe.
Toledo.
This name was given to the region of Anglo-Saxon Britain that fell under Danish cultural influence.
The Danelaw.
This longstanding privilege of emperors and kings sparked a major conflict between the reform-minded papacy of the eleventh century and secular rulers.
Lay investiture.
These two rituals formed established a formal political and social connection between a lord and vassal. [you must provide both]
Homage & Fealty.
This new form of clergy lived lives of absolute poverty in the rising commercial centers and preached against heresy. Examples: Franciscans & Dominicans.
These precursors to the university were under episcopal control and developed to train diocesan priests. They grew into broader centers of education.
Cathedral Schools.
This was the name given by Norse explorers to the land they discovered on the North American continent.
Vineland.
This pronouncement from a pope or a bishop was used to excise sinners from the larger community of the Church.
Excommunication.
This grant of land tenure (not outright ownership) was given by a lord to a vassal in return for the vassal's military service and socio-political support.
These urban centers (most commonly found in northern Italy) declared political autonomy and created modes of self-governance.
Communes.
This practice involved a penitential journey in order erase sin.
Pilgrimage.
This high court-assembly was held every summer in Iceland and served as a forum for law-making, dispute resolution, and establishing inter-family bonds.
The Althing (AlÞing).
This late 12th-century religious group rejected the power and authority of the clergy and insisted on living the Vita Apostolica.
The Waldensians.
This discredited historical theory oversimplified the lord-vassal relationship, making it seem like it was a neat and tidy system. Despite historians having abandoned the concept, it continues to structure popular imaginings of medieval politics.
Feudalism.
This term (meaning young ones) refers to those younger sons and daughters who flocked to the growing cities of the commercial revolution.
Juvenes.
These two curricula were the basis of the educational scheme in the central Middle Ages.
[You must include both]
Trivium & Quadrivium.