Macromolecules
What steroid molecule contributes to membrane permeability?
cholesterol
Where does pyruvate processing occur in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrial matrix
Which organelles have extensive internal membrane systems where the enzymes responsible for ATP generation and photosynthesis reside?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
A cell must synthesize a complete copy of its DNA and duplicate the centrosome before dividing – which stage of the cell cycle does this happen in?
S phase
Explain what is meant by the term “pure-breeding.”
homozygous
What type of bond joins hydroxyl groups together on adjacent monosaccharides?
glycosidic linkage
During cellular respiration, the carbons present in pyruvate are derived from ______ and are ultimately converted to ______.
glucose; carbon dioxide
Name three organelles that form the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells.
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, endosomes
True or false: many cancers are characterized by a loss of control at the G1 checkpoint.
true
Do genes that have dominant alleles have a different location on the chromosome than recessive alleles?
no
In nucleic acids, which level of structure consists of two DNA strands running in opposite directions that are twisted into a double helix?
secondary structure
During the light-dependent reactions, electrons are promoted to a high-energy state by light. This ignites a chain of electron transport steps that starts with the _______ of water to form O2 and ends with the _______ of NADP+ to form NADPH.
oxidation; reduction
Remember: in general, gain of H and/or loss of O is reduction, while loss of H and/or gain of O is oxidation.
Which component of the cytoskeleton functions like a flexible internal scaffolding to help secure the shape/stability of the cell: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules?
intermediate filaments
Name one event during meiosis that increases genetic variation in newly made gametes.
crossing over, separation and random distribution of homologous chromosomes (independent assortment)
What type of point mutation involves an addition or deletion of a single base pair that throws off the sequence of codons and alters the meaning of all subsequent codons?
frameshift
In proteins, amino acids are joined by a peptide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the ______ group of another amino acid.
amino
Glycolysis slows down when ATP binds to a regulatory site in which enzyme?
phosphofructokinase
Where are the protein components of the extracellular matrix synthesized?
rough ER
The onset of the S and M phases is primarily determined by the activity of protein complexes consisting of a cyclin and a ______.
cyclin-dependent kinase
During DNA replication, what enzyme prevents the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork from getting too tightly wound?
topoisomerase
In ddNTP DNA sequencing, dideoxynucleotides (ddNTP’s) are used to terminate the synthesis of DNA strands, so that the individual short strands can be analyzed. ddNTP’s are missing their 2’ and 3’ hydroxyl groups. How do ddNTP’s terminate strand synthesis?
A DNA strand must have a 3’ hydroxyl for more nucleotides to be added, and ddNTP’s lack 3’ hydroxyl groups.
During photosynthesis, which phase of the Calvin cycle uses ATP to convert some of the G3P to RuBP to continue the cycle?
regeneration phase
What is the function of the signal recognition particle?
directs the ribosome to a translocon and allows translation to occur into the rough ER
At which stage do actin and myosin participate in myosis (animal cells only)? What structure do they form during that stage?
cytokinesis; cleavage furrow
What is the inheritance pattern of ABO blood groups in humans? Complete dominance, codominance, or incomplete dominance?