Definitions
protecting participants from harm to ensure well being. (cost/benefit analysis)
beneficence
operational definition
how you will measure or manipulate the variable of interest in your study.
This Belmont report principle was created to ensure groups with reduced autonomy have informed consent.
What is Respect for persons?
Using confederates in a study is considered a kind of _
deception.
directionality v third variable problem
directionality has to do with which variable is causing the other, while the third variable problem is a potential outside variable causing the change to DV.
research conducted with a practical problem in mind, done to improve things
Example:
conducting research on feng shui in an office space to improve productivity of employees.
applied research
Availability heuristic
things that easily come to mind seem more likely.
A study is to test the effectiveness of psilocybin on depression. Participants are randomly assigned a group. Group A is given the psilocybin treatment and Group B is only told they are being given the psilocybin. Neither the researcher or the participants know which condition they are receiving. In this scenario group B is_
what is the placebo group?
What is an institutional review board?
committee that reviews research conducted at universities to ensure ethical standards are being met.
Which best represents a crossover interaction?
(see interactions displayed on separate window)
( 2/b)
the way in which a researcher expects participants to act/behave in a study
demand characteristics
regression to the mean, give an example.
a natural shift away from extreme scores.
A participant scored high in the happiness pretest (9 out of 10) then, when retested, scored 5 out of 10.
A statistics test is administered and the students results on the test are correlated with their course lettergrade.
An experiment is conducted in a lab, where participants are selected using random sampling methods and are randomly assigned a condition (control or experimental). This experiment would be high in _ validity, but low in _ validity.
internal; external
Give an example of confirmation bias.
Ex:
A researcher believes that female children will show higher instances of neuroticism compared to male children. The researcher conducts a study on neuroticism between male and female children. Then the researcher ignores all evidence that would suggest male children to be more or equally as neurotic.
the extent to which a measurement scores on a measure unrelated to other variables that they're not expected to be correlated with.
discriminant validity
internal reliability/consistency.
consistency across scale items
A researcher wants to determine the spiciest hot sauce on the market. Thus, they have participants come in and rank 10 different hot sauces, tasting one after the other. What potential negative effects could occur as a result of this study design?
carryover effects, order effects, fatigue effects; within-subjects design
Serena Williams was tested on agility twice, with 12 weeks in between each measurement. She scored high in agility during both assessments.
test-retest reliability
A study measured height of plants in cm and weight in ounces. They used which scale of measurement?
ratio
a logical and statistical procedure for determining whether or not a "difference" is big enough or a relationship strong enough to make a particular decision/ conclusion of a study's hypothesis.
Null hypothesis significance testing
What are the requirements to determine causation?
covariance ( as once changes so does the other), temporal precedence ( cause happens before effect) , and internal validity ( no confounding or outside variable can explain the relationship.
Which study design would be best for the following scenario:
A researcher wants to know which type of pet, (either cat, dog, or hamster) and number of minutes spent cuddling with them (15, 20, 30) is best for easing anxiety.
factorial design
A longitudinal study was conducted on optimism in 2019 -2021. During this time the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. What threat to internal validity could arise?
history threat
A researcher was comparing perceived stress between genders ( male, female, non-binary). They conducted an analysis and computed their P-value. The p-value of their analysis was 0.001. Should they reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? why? Alternative hypothesis?
reject the null because the p-value indicates statistical significance.
fail to reject the alternative hypothesis.