Unit 1
Label the Levels of Biological Organization from Atoms to Biome/Biosphere
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome
What are some similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What organelles are found in both prok and euk?
Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane bound organelles, bigger/more complex
Both have organelles: cytoplasm, membrane, ribosomes
Give me the location of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and ETC
What are the products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis: cytosol
CAC: mitochondrial matrix
ETC: inner mitochondrial membrane
Products: 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
What is the difference between nonsense, silent, missense, and frameshift mutations?
Nonsense: codes for a stop codon
Missense: codes for another amino acid
Silent: codes for the same amino or not in ORF
Frameshift: insert or delete that causes a shift
Who is more affected by X-linked genes, males or females? Why?
Males (XY), X-linked genes are recessive -> females would need 2 affected copies of X
Ex: red-green colorblindness more common in males
What are the differences between polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds? What are ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds? What are some examples of each?
Polar covalent: different electronegativities (metal and nonmetal), shared electrons Ex: Water molecule
Nonpolar Covalent: similar electronegativity, shared electrons (Ex: CO2, O2)
Ionic: Cations/Anions (transfer electrons)
Hydrogen: weaker bonds between H and an electronegative atom on another molecule (ex: between water molecules)
Describe characteristics of the membrane: include descriptions of transmembrane, peripheral proteins, etc.
Phospholipid bilayer, semipermeable layer
Transmembrane (integral)-> through entire membrane
Peripheral-> only on outside of one membrane
Write the equation of photosynthesis. What are the inputs/outputs of the light dependent reactions? Where does the light independent reactions take place
6CO2 + 6 H20 +light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light dependent Inputs: Light, H2O
Outputs: ATP, NADPH, O2
Light dependents: stroma of chloroplast
What are the products in mitosis? What are the products in meiosis? Are they identical the the parent? What does diploid/haploid mean?
Mitosis- 2 identical diploid cells
Meiosis- 4 haploid different cells
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid: 1 set of chromosome
What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? What is gene epistasis?
Incomplete dominance: heterozygote=intermediate phenotype
Codominance: heterozygote= both phenotypes present
Gene epistasis: phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene (ex: lab coat color)
Draw a nucleotide. Which biomolecule is a nucleotide the monomer of. What are some differences between a DNA and RNA molecule?
Nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
DNA: double stranded, ATCG, deoxy sugar
RNA: single stranded, AUCG, ribose sugar
-Phosphodiester bonds
Pick 5 organelles and give me their function
Answers may vary (see chapter 4)
What direction is new DNA replicated? What is the difference between leading and lagging strands? Name one enzyme that helps with replication.
5'->3' / Leading- continuous replicated, Lagging- discontinuous replication (Okazaki fragments)
Helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, Topoisomerase
Define biotechnology, recombinant DNA, and a vector?
Biotechnology- use of biology to develop new products, methods, and organisms
Recombinant DNA- a DNA molecule made in the laboratory using at least two sources of DNA
-Vectors: gene carrier, gene of interest
What are homologous structures?
What is convergent evolution?
Homologous structures: structures that are derived from the same structure in a common ancestor
Convergent evolution: similar environmental conditions result in the independent evolution of similar structures
Write out the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates.
What are the functions of lipids? What are some examples of lipids?
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (monomer) ex: glucose / polysaccharides (polymer) ex: cellulose
Lipids: long term storage, components of membranes (phospholipids) Ex: phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides
What are enzymes? (Give any characteristics)
What do they do to chemical reactions?
What are endergonic vs exergonic reactions?
Enzymes: biological catalysts (speed up reactions by lowering activation energy)
Exergonic reactions (-delta G), release NRG
Endergonic (+delta G), use NRG, not spontaneous
Write the difference between cell respiration and fermentation (in terms of energy production). Do they both have any similar processes?
Cell Respiration: 36-38 ATP
Fermentation: 2 ATP, regenerate NAD+
Both go through glycolysis
Write out the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination for either transcription or translation (include the location)
Answers vary: check out chapter 13 for more info
What is the difference between stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection: selects against phenotypic
extremes, favors individuals with average phenotype
Directional selection: when an environment changes, phenotypes at one extreme of the normal distribution are favored
Disruptive selection: extreme changes in the
environment may favor two or more different phenotypes (rare)
What are the four levels of Protein Structure. What kinds of bonds do each level have? Be descriptive
Primary: string of amino acids (peptide bonds)
Secondary: alpha helix, beta sheets (hydrogen bonds), made of local structures
Tertiary: 3D shape (domains), has lots of bonds (hydrogen, ionic, disulfide bonds, Van der Waals)
Quaternary: multiple subunits come together (same bonds as before)
What are characteristics of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions?
Which is favorable in plant cells? In animal cells?
Hypotonic: water flows into cell (lyse), more solute in the cell (favored in plants)
Hypertonic: water flows out (crenate), more solute outside the cell
Isotonic: water flows equally (favored in animals)
Write anything you know about the Calvin Cycle (inputs, outputs, location, which part of photosynthesis)
Inputs: ATP, CO2, NADPH
Outputs ADP, NADP+, G3P
Stroma
Pick either mitosis or meiosis and write out the steps or any significant process in that step.
What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis?
Answers vary
Prophase 1: crossing over of tetrads, which increases genetic diversity and variety of gametes
Pick 2 and describe:
Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, Founder Effect, Gene Flow
Genetic Drift: random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations result in changes in allelic frequencies
Bottleneck Effect: occasionally, a population
may rapidly and severely decrease due to disease,
exploitation, or sudden environmental change
Founder Effect: genetic drift that results when a few
individuals from a large population found a new colony
Gene Flow: the migration of breeding individuals
between populations, with a corresponding movement of alleles, increasing genetic variability in the recipient population