Respiratory
System
System
There are 2 tract divisions of the respiratory system. What are they?
What are the Anatomical and Functional Regions
What are the 2 primary movements that occur during digestion called? Please describe each movement
What is peristalsis and segmentation
Peristalsis: wavelike contraction of smooth muscle
Segmentation: back and forth mixing of food
The 2 structural divisions of the nervous system consist of which systems?
What is the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
What are the 2 most common examples of simple reflex arcs?
What is the stretch reflex and Golgi tendon reflex?
The 4 major regions of the Human brain are
What are the Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, and Cerebrum
What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
What is regulates involuntary action in the body
Often mistaken for being a lymphatic organ these structures are actually masses of lymphatic tissue. What are they?
What are the primary male and female reproductive organs?
What are the Testes and Ovaries
Who is considered the president and the vice president of the Endocrine system?
Who is the Hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
What types of cells are found in the Nasal cavity?
What are Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells?
What are 4 functions of the Digestive system?
Ingestion
Digestion
Propulsion
Secretion
Absorption
Elimination
There are 2 distinct types of cells within the nervous system. What are they and which one is mitotic (meaning they can undergo cellular division)
What are neurons and glial cells.
Glial cells are mitotic
There are 3 major functions of the Spinal Cord. What are they?
Conduction of sensory and motor impulses
Coordination of locomotion
Reflexes
At week 4 of development in the womb there are 3 primary brain vesicles that form. By Week 5 those vesicles have divided into 5 divisions. What are the 5 divisions?
Prosencephalon: Telencephalon + Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon: Metencephalon + Myelencephalon
Which division of the ANS is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Lymph capillaries are known as the ________________________ unit of the lymphatic system.
What are the structural and functional unit of the lymphatic system
At what phase of follicular development do we see an oocyte go from a diploid cell to a haploid cell?
What is the vesicular/mature follicle (step 3)
What is a Negative feedback loop
What are the 3 names of the distinct cartilages found in the Larynx? What type of cartilage are each comprised of?
What are the Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis cartilages.
Thyroid: hyaline
Cricoid: hyaline
Epiglottis: Elastic cartilage
What type of cells produce and secrete Hydrochloric acid? Where are these cells found?
What are parietal cells found in the gastric pits of the stomach
This type of neuron transmits action potentials from the CNS to effectors while this other type of neuron transmits action potentials from receptors to the CNS.
What are motor neurons and sensory neurons
There are 4 distinct nerve plexuses in the body. What are they?
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
The crossing of axons that allows for left brain to control right side of the body and visa versa is called the what? And occurs where in the brain?
What is the Decussation of the pyramids and occurs in the Medulla Oblongata
This structure is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
What are postganglionic neurons
What is the role of the lymphatic ducts? What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?
What is receives drainage from lymphatic trunks. What are the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts
Why is there a temperature different in the testes than in the rest of the body? What are the 2 muscles that aid in this temperature control?
What is sperm cannot survive at body temperature, this is regulated by the Dartos and Cremaster muscles
These cells secrete insulin into the blood when glucose levels are high which in turn decreases blood glucose.
What are Beta cells
Where does diffusion of oxygen occur? What are the 3 phases to diffusion?
What are the Alveoli
1. Pass through Plasma Membrane of Type I cell
2. Pass through fused basement membranes
3. Oxygen diffuses through plasma membrane of capillary endothelial cells
The small intestine includes many layers of cells. What is each layer called? What is the roll of these cells in digestion?
What are circular folds, Vili, and microvili, increase surface area to increase absorption of nutrients
This structure is a specialized junction between 1 axon and another neuron, muscle cell, or gland.
What are Synapses
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve is known as a:
The Blood Brain Barrier is designed to strictly regulate what substances enter the interstitial spaces of the brain. Where is the BBB NOT found in the brain... Why don't we see it in those regions?
What are the Choroid plexus, Hypothalamus, and pineal gland
All 3 structures need direct access to blood for their functions
What are 2 functions of the Parasympathetic nervous system and what are 2 functions of the Sympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic: decrease heart rate, increase digestive activities, controls sphincters of digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Sympathetic: increase heart rate, dilation of pupils, blood shunted/diverted to skeletal muscles + skin, increase respiratory rate
What are the 3 types of Lymphocytes in order from most to least abundant, which types of cells
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
Seminal fluid produced by the seminal glands is alkaline however seminal fluid produced by the prostate gland is slightly acidic. Why would the seminal fluid need to be alkaline? Why would it need to be acidic?
What is alkaline to buffer the acidic environment of the female reproductive system and acidic to act as an antibacterial for the male urethra
When the thyroid is stimulated, what glycoprotein is produced? And what also needs to be present in order to produce thyroid hormone?
What is thyroglobulin and Iodine
During inspiration what happens to the lung volume and pressure? During expiration, what happens to the lung volume and pressure? What law explains this relationship of pressure and volume?
During inspiration: increased lung volume and decreased pressure
During expiration: decreased lung volume and increased pressure
What is Boyle's law
The digestive system has 4 tunics that run the whole system. What are the names of each tunic in order from deep to superficial and what are composed of
Mucosa - made of simple columnar epithelium
Submucosa - made of areolar + dense irregular connective tissue
Muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle (circular + longitudinal)
Serosa/Adventitia - areolar connective tissue + protein
What are the 4 types of Glial cells found in the CNS and their primary function?
Astrocytes - create blood brain barrier
Ependymal Cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid
Microglial Cells - wander through CNS as phagocytes (remove dead cells)
Oligodendrocytes - wrap around axons and produce myelin
The Gray Matter of the spinal cord is divided into Anterior, Lateral, and Posterior horns. What is each horn responsible for
Anterior carry somatic motor neurons away from the spinal cord
Lateral carry autonomic motor neurons away from the spinal cord
Posterior carry somatic + visceral sensory information into the spinal cord
The association areas integrate and store information in the brain. The different association areas are.... Which one is responsible for feely bag???
Premotor cortex
Somatosensory
Auditory association
Visual association
Wernicke's area
Somatosensory association is responsible for feely bag by integrating and interpreting sensory information
Both the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems contain preganglions and postganglions. What hormone do the postganglions secrete in the parasympathetic division and what hormone does the postganglions secrete in the sympathetic division?
What is Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
What makes Natural Killer cells unique compared to other lymphocytes? What is their role in the body?
They are non-specific so they can respond to any antigen.
They recognize + destroy a wide variety of foreign microorganisms + cancerous cells
During oogenesis the oocyte is encapsulated by the sperm barrier. During Spermatogenesis, the sustentacular cells provide a blood testis barrier.
Why do we see this sort of separation for both the oocyte and the sperm cells?
What is immune protection. As theses cells are haploid cells they are technically "foreign" to the body and the immune system would attack and destroy them.
What are regulatory hormones? How are they brought from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
What are hormones that either promote or inhibit the secretion of certain hormones. Via the Portal system