Heart Basics
What is angina
Chest pain
Fluid filled sac that protects the heart against infection and trauma
Pericardium
Normal cardiac output
4-8 l/min
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial node
Adult transthoracic echo uses a transducer frequency of
2-5 MHz
How should the patient be positioned for an echo
Left lateral decubitus
How is right atrial pressure graded
Collapse of the IVC
What is the meaning of posterior
BACK of the heart
What is the main pumping mechanism of the heart
Myocardium
What is the most posterior chamber of the heart
Left atrium
What does the P wave on the EKG represent
Atrial contraction
Flow above the baseline moving toward the transducer is what color
Red
How is MMode measured
Leading edge to leading edge
To calculate RVSP, the peak regurgitant jet of what valve is needed
Tricuspid
Capillaries are the bridge between the arterioles and
venules
Normal O2 saturation of the left heart is _____%
75%
98%
Describe the endocardium
Thin innermost layer that lines the chambers and valves
Pulmonary capillary pressure is an indirect measure of
Left atrial pressure
Tissue doppler TDI measures doppler frequency shift of
The moving myocardial annulus
On the spectral doppler scale flow traveling toward the transducer is ___________ the baseline
Above
What type of flow is smooth with the peak velocity in the center
Laminar flow
The purpose of the pulmonary system is to
Exchange deoxygenated blood for oxygenated blood
Normal systolic pulmonary artery pressure or PAP is
15-25 mmHg
Name the aortic arch branches
Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery
What can cause flattening of the IVS, D-shaped left ventricle
Increased right ventricular pressure
If the pulmonary venous systolic flow is reversed what is this an indication of
Severe mitral regurgitation
There is pulmonary hypertension present when the right ventricular systolic pressure is > ______ mmHg
40 mmHg
If the inferior vena cava is dilated and does not collapse RAP should be estimated at
15 mmHg
Name the 3 layers of the heart walls
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What creates the first heart sound
Atrioventricular valves close
*Mitral and Tricuspid*
(These valves are larger than semilunar valves)
What does normal pulmonary venous flow show with PW doppler
A filamentous structure located in the right atrium, remnant of sinus venosus is
Chiari network
The normal diameter of the inferior vena cava is
1.2 - 2.1 cm
Hyperkinesis
Sinus of Valsalva
Stroke volume X heart rate
If pulmonary hypertension is present MMode of the _______ valve can display as a "flying W"
pulmonic valve
Name 4 functions of the cardiovascular system:
Transports blood and nutrients
Balance of fluid
prevents infection
gets rid of waste products
What are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood
Pulmonary veins
Right heart pumps blood to the _____ circulatory system and the left heart pumps blood to the ______ circulatory system.
Pulmonary
Systemic
What gives a precise sample velocity from within the range resolution
Pulsed wave doppler
Ultrasound is a sound wave with a frequency of
>20,000 Hz