MUTATIONS & GENETICS
A mutation written as A2365G represents this type of mutation.
What is a transition mutation?
Antibodies that bind multiple epitopes are called this.
What are polyclonal antibodies?
Toll-like receptors are also called these receptors.
What are pattern recognition receptors?
Phase I clinical trials mainly evaluate this.
What is safety?
Bacteria thriving in 106°F hot tubs are likely this type.
What are thermophiles?
A2365G causing alanine → glycine is this type of mutation.
What is a missense mutation?
Antibodies made in a lab to target one specific antigen are called these.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Molecules on pathogens recognized by innate immunity are called these.
What are PAMPs?
Phase 2 clinical trials evaluate this while monitoring side effects.
What is effectiveness?
Plasma cells producing antibodies most benefit from this type of respiration.
What is aerobic respiration?
A mutation changing amino acids but not shifting the reading frame is called this.
What is a missense mutation?
C3b improves pathogen engulfment through this process.
What is opsonization?
Molecules released from damaged host cells are called these.
What are DAMPs?
COVID vaccines were approved quickly because these trial phases overlapped.
What are clinical trial phases?
Free radicals used in phagocytic killing are largely produced in this organelle.
What are mitochondria?
A mutation caused by insertion/deletion altering codon grouping is called this.
What is a frameshift mutation?
The constant region of antibodies that binds phagocytes is called this.
What is the Fc region?
The Fc region of antibodies binds to these receptors on phagocytes.
What are Fc receptors?
The FDA stands for this.
What is the Food and Drug Administration?
Neutrophils come from these progenitor cells.
What are myeloid progenitor cells?
The mutation A → G is specifically classified as this nucleotide substitution.
What is a transition mutation?
Plasma from a recovered COVID patient provides this type of immunity.
What is artificial passive immunity?
Interferon recognizes this viral replication intermediate.
What is double-stranded RNA?
Olivericin derived from rainbow trout was tested in this phase of clinical trials for SARS-CoV replication inhibition.
What is Phase II?
The interaction between antigen presenting cells and helper T cells requires these molecules.
What are MHC II and CD4?