animals
what group has a water vascular system?
echinoderms
CO2 enters the leaf
what do root hairs do?
increase surface area for absorption
What are the five fundamental characteristics of life?
Energy, cells, information (genes), replication, evolution
what structure evolved into the spinal cord?
dorsal hollow nerve cord
what are the six vertebrate innovations?
vertebrate jaw, tetrapod limb, amnionic egg, placenta, parental care, and wings and flight
what two groups of land plants do not require water for fertilization?
gymnosperms and angiosperms
define root pressure
the force that pushes water up from the roots
Who proposed the idea of the “great chain of being”?
Aristotle
How do animals differ from fungi?
animals ingest food internally, lack cell walls, and are generally capable of movement, while fungi digest food externally, possess cell walls made of chitin, and are largely immobile
what are the functions of blood?
transport, regulation, and protection
what do anions do for plants?
they help with nutrient uptake and osmoregulation
define capillary action
action that draws water up through the plant's xylem
In the formula for determining a population’s genotype
frequencies, p2 refers to which genotype?
Homozygous dominant
what is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry?
Radial symmetry means an organism can be divided into equal halves along any plane passing through a central axis, like a starfish or flower, while bilateral symmetry means only one plane can divide it into mirror-image halves, like a human or butterfly
Which chordate group is the most primitive?
lancelets
defining characteristics of seedless vascular plants
has vascular tissue, sporophyte predominant, water required for fertilization, seedless
What does the cohesion-tension theory state?
explains how water moves upwards through a plant's xylem tissue, against the force of gravity
When isolated populations come into contact and the
resulting hybrids are less fit than the parent species,
______________ is expected to occur.
extinction of one population
what are the three major components for the mollusk body plan?
the foot, the visceral mass, and the mantle
what group of lophotrochzan lack a coelom?
flatworms
Why are nitrogen fixing bacteria important for plants?
Plants cannot break the triple bonds in nitrogen gas but the bacteria can
What are epiphytes?
a plant that grows on the surface of another plant
Define allopatric and sympatric speciation
allopatric- speciation that results from geographic isolation
sympatric- speciation that results in the same geographic region
pulmonary v. systemic circuit
pulmonary- blood flow from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
systemic- blood flows from the heart to the body tissues then back to the heart