endocrine
true or false: Hormones in the blood are controlled by negative feedback systems.
True, increased hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release
what are three main parts of blood?
plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
arteries: blood away from the heart, deep
veins: deep & superficial, pathways are more interconnected
What is the difference between inspiration & expiration?
inspiration is where gases flow into the lungs
expiration is where gases exit the lungs
What is the difference between an antigen & an antibody?
antigens are substances that mobilize adaptive defenses & provoke an immune response
antibodies are proteins secreted by plasma cells & tag them for action
What are the 3 ways that target cell activation takes place?
1. blood levels of hormone
2. number of receptors
3. affinity (strength of binding)
What is the purpose of hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin carries oxygen for gas transport (4 oxygen)
What is the CO formula?
CO= SV x HR
what's the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
mechanical is breaking down particles into smaller pieces & chemical is breaking down food particles by changing them into simpler usable chemical nutrients to be absorbed
Name an example of a good immune response.
ex. fever when there is an infection present in blood
What's the difference between an endocrine vs. exocrine gland?
endocrine glands produce hormones & lack ducts
exocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances & have ducts that secrete to the membrane surface
What WBC type contains histamine & vasodilates to attract WBC's to inflammed site?
Basophils
Where is pressure highest?
In the aorta
True or false: The main divisions of the digestive system are the alimentary canal/GI tract & the accessory organs
true
What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity (part of the adaptive defenses)?
humoral: B-cells
cellular: T-cells
Hormone release is stimulated by nervous system modulation & endocrine gland stimuli. What are the three types of stimuli?
humoral: changing ion & nutrient levels in blood to directly stimulate
neural: nerve fibers stimulate release
hormonal: hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormone
What is the difference between the two sides of the heart?
The left side pumps oxygenated blood while the right side pumps unoxygenated blood
What is the difference between systolic BP & distolic BP?
systolic is the pressure exerted in aorta during venticular contraction
diastolic is the lowest level of aortic pressure w the heart at rest
Kidneys regulate systemic BP. true or false: when filtration increases, urine output decreases which decrease BP
False, filtration & urine output increase, decreasing BP
What are the 3 lines of defense in the immune system?
1. Innate surface barriers
2. Innate internal defenses
3. Adaptive immunity
Name the differences between antagonism, synergism, and permissiveness.
antagonism: 1 or more hormones oppose the other hormones effects
synergism: more than 1 hormone produce the same effect on target cell, amplifying effect
permissiveness: 1 hormone needs another for the full effectiveness
What are some factors that are impacted by an increase in MAP (mean arterial pressure)?
Increased CO, total peripheral resistance, SV, HR, viscosity, and blood vessel
Decreased blood vessel diameter
What's the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic flow regulation?
intrinsic: local autoreg. control, adjusted to meet specific tissue requirements
extrinsic: sympathetic NS & hormonal control act on arterial smooth muscle to reduce flow when least needed
what is the functional unit of the renal system?
nephron
explain what a secondary immune response looks like?
Primary response occurs after a delay and introduces and antigen, second exposure recognizes the antigen faster and provides a better response