Unit 5 (Energy)
What is the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy?
Potential is an object at rest and kinetic energy is an object in motion.
Name one of the Earth's spheres
Cryosphere, Atmosphere, Geo/lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere
Draw a covalent bond between Hydrogen and Fluorine
H-F With the bond circled.
What is "Environmental Stewardship"?
"The responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices to enhance ecosystem resilience and human well-being" (Chapin et al., 2010 ).
What happens when an invasive species enters a new ecosystem? (Draw or list examples)
Invasive species out-compete indigenous species, it destroys the balance of the ecosystem, competition for resources are higher, it allows for more species to leave/enter furthering the destruction of the ecosystem.
How is electrical or magnetic force effected by distance?
As separation distance increases the force applied decreases making it inversely proportional.
Define "Ecological footprint"
(languages.oup.com, 2025)
Balance the following equation: N2 + H2 --> NH3
N2 + 3H2 --> 2NH3
What are three types of renewable energy sources?
Solar, wind, hydro-electric, biomass, geothermal, and Nuclear(?)
Draw the Carbon Cycle with at least 5 places for carbon to be and draw arrows to show where it would go.
Carbon can be found in the air, underground in rocks, in plants, in animals, in factories.
Carbon can follow this movement: from Factories--> air --> plants --> animals --> ground or rocks.
Draw static electicity in terms of positively and negatively charged objects such as a wall and a balloon and a sweater.
One object has the positives pulled to one side while the other object has negatives pulled to one side. By rubbing the balloon on a sweater you can pull the negatives to one side and, in-turn, pull the positives to the surface of another object.
How does acid rain effect Pennsylvania?
Decreases the pH of water ways, plants, and rocks.
Predict the product: Mg + AlCl3 --> ?
Mg + AlCl3 --> Al + MgCl2
Remember! Check the number of valence electrons to know how many bind. Also, this question is NOT balanced yet.
Give an example of how one sphere of the Earth effects another.
Tie together any two spheres such as geosphere and hydrosphere where erosion seeps into water ways or how the atmosphere is effected by the biomass that is on Earth.
Design a three-step energy transfer machine. Then create a plan to improve its effeciency.
Ex: A flashlight creates light from a battery and the battery gives off electical current, that converts to heat and light.
Ex: A Motorcycle engine creates mechanical energy from gasoline that converts kinetic energy into heat, sound, and mechanical (movement) energy.
How do green house gases raise the Earth's temperatures?
Green house gases such as CO2 get trapped in the atmosphere and reflect heat back to the Earth
If we create a chemical solution that feels cold to the touch, is that reaction endothermic or exothermic? (Write the whole word!)
Endothermic, heat is entering the solution so it is stealing your heat!
What could be causing an increase in Earthquakes worldwide?
Human activities such as commercial drilling, fracking, and tunnel boring <--(haha) that put stress on the Earth's crust.
What would a Sankey Diagram look like for a Microwave. (you can make up wattage and energy levels)
Arrows that drop off and show energy lost in the form of heat, sound, light, etc. Large Arrow that still shows energy going through the microwave. Some way of differentiating scale (size of arrows or numbers).
Why can a perpetual motion machine never truly exist?
What can we do to help get close to 100% effeciency?
Energy is lost in every scenario. There is no true 100% conversion of any energy. Some energy is always lost as heat, sound, light, mechanical, or electrical and efficiency cannot exist at 100%. A machine with 99% effeciency will eventually stop working even if it takes a long time. We can try and insulate wires, or lube mechanical chains and sprockets to help increase effeciency.
Give a detailed explanation as to why cows increase carbon emissions, and phosphorous levels in streams.
These are two different reasons, think about where cows are and what they need and what they produce.
Cows emit methane gas which contributes to greenhouse gasses and carbon emissions. Cows also live on farms and push phosophorous from farm fields into streams when they go to drink from the stream.
Two parts!
What is the limiting reactant: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
What are the total molar masses of each of the three compounds in this equation?
O2 is the limiting reactant. 2H2 is a 1:1(2:2) ratio with H2O, while O2 is a 1:2 ratio so oxygen will limit how much this can react. The coefficients out in front are the give away!
2H2: 4.03g/mol O2: 32g/mol. 2H20: 36g/mol
Give a scenario that could negatively effect the environment if a new quarry opened here, in Pennsylvania.
Limestone mining can cause water-way acidification.
Quarries need a wide section of land that would cause deforestation and habitat fragmentation.
Large machinery would devestate the landscape and destory species and may allow new, invasive species, to populate.
Based off of everything that you have learned this year... What is the major objective of 9th grade science and why did you learn the 8 chapters you did this year.
Full sentence answers please!
The point of this class is to learn about the physical properties of this world. This allows you to understand how the world around you works and how you can improve it with science!
I hope you take these skills and make this world a little better every chance you get! (This IS why we can have nice things.)