Survey Research
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Cause and Effect
Quasi-Experimental
Designs and Longitudinal Studies
Things You Totally Know
100
This is a qualitative question that respondents answer using their own words.
What is an open-ended question?
100
In correlational analysis, a relationship between two variables that can be represented graphically as a curved line, reflecting the fact that a change in value of one unit on the first variable is associated with different amounts of change on the second variable, depending on the value of the first. Using a Pearson r can miss detecting these kinds of relationships.
What is a nonlinear relationship?
100
In medical research, the comparison group in an experiment that receives what appears to be a treatment, but which actually has no effect. This provides a comparison to the intervention that is being evaluated.
What is a placebo group?
100
This type of single-participant study involves the in-depth study of one or a few people; historically with no manipulation of variables, although such manipulations can occur in contemporary designs. This type of study is more qualitative, in nature.
What is a case study?
100
An approach to studying change over time that relies on people’s memories and recollections of the past.
What is a retrospective study?
200
This is a quantitative question that contains a set of answers from which a respondent chooses.
What is a close-ended question?
200
A variable that is not of interest to a researcher and that may not be known by the researcher that affects the dependent variable in an experiment, erroneously making it seem that the independent variable is having an effect on the dependent variable.
What is an extraneous variable?
200
The group in an experiment that receives either no treatment or a standard treatment with which new treatments are compared.
What is a control group?
200
This type of single-participant study tests the introduction and withdrawal of a treatment, on one person. This type of study is more quantitative, in nature.
What is a single-subject experiment?
200
A design of a research study in which the investigator manipulates more than one independent variable in a single study, with each level of one I.V. crossed with each level of all other I.V.s.
What is a factorial design?
300
In survey research, this sampling problem refers to a population of interest that is hard to study. The people in this group are engaged in activities that may be embarrassing or illegal, so they do not want to be recognized as members of that population.
What is a hidden population?
300
This is an effect where all participants receive a high score on a dependent variable’s test.
What is a ceiling effect?
300
This rule is one of the criteria for assessing causation, such that a causal variable must covary systematically with the variable it is assumed to cause.
What is the covariance rule?
300
A quasi-experimental research design in which a single group is measured before a treatment is applied, then again afterward.
What is a one-group pretest-postest design?
300
A solution to participant effects, in which a fictitious story is developed by the researcher to disguise the true purpose of a study from the participants.
What is a cover story?
400
In survey research, this sampling problem is a non-random, biased sampling technique. People choose to participate in the research rather than being selected by the investigator.
What is a self-selected sample?
400
This is an effect where all participants receive a low score on a dependent variable’s test.
What is a floor effect?
400
This rule is one of the criteria for assessing causation, such that the variable assumed to be causal must be the most plausible cause, with other competing variables ruled out as the cause.
What is the internal validity rule?
400
This type of quasi-experimental design has the lowest internal validity. This could be enhanced by adding “before” observations.
What is an after-only study?
400
A solution to experimenter effects, in which the investigator, the participants, or both are not aware of the treatment that a participant is receiving.
What is a blind study?
500
WILD CARD! List three examples of rating scales. Receive 250 points for each one of the three you identify. Receive an additional 250 points if you get all three correct, for a total of 1000 points.
1) Likert scale 2) Graphic rating scale 3) Non-verbal scale
500
In a correlational analysis, the appearance of a positive correlation in an overall data set and a negative correlation in subgroups, or vice versa.
What are heterogeneous subgroups?
500
This rule is one of the criteria for assessing causation, such that the variable assumed to have a causal effect must precede the effect it is supposed to cause; that is, the cause must come before the effect.
What is the temporal precedence rule?
500
A quasi-experimental research design in which two groups that differ on some pre-existing dimension (i.e., participants are not randomly assigned to conditions) are compared.
What is a static-group comparison design?
500
DAILY DOUBLE! Make your wager and win up to twice as much as what you currently have. If you lose, you lose double the amount! --- A type of experimenter effect in which researchers subtly and inadvertently affect the behaviour of participants in a study, obscuring the true effect (or lack thereof) of the independent variable.
What is experimenter bias?
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