Induction
What is the problem of induction?
Inductive inferences are not justified.
Thomas Kuhn argued that most science was not revolutionary, rather, it was this type of science.
Normal Science.
What was the goal of the 1953 Reader's Digest article titled "Cancer by the Carton"?
To show the relation between smoking and lung cancer.
The theory that scientific theories exist independently of our thoughts and perceptions.
Realism
Who says, "my approach to education is ultimately a wide mosaic of learnings, appropriations, and influences"
Dr. Michael Bennett McNulty - "Orientation"
What is the principle of Induction?
The assumption that future events will resemble past events.
This theory claims that you can not ever prove a theory to be true, only corroborate it to varying degrees.
Hypothetico-Deductivism.
The collaboration between tobacco companies led to the formation of what committee?
Tobacco Industry Research Committee
The theory that scientific theories should be used to make accurate predictions, not as true descriptions of reality; theories are used as a tool to perform science.
Anti-Realism
Who said, "paradigm changes ... cause scientists to see the world of their research-engagement differently"
Thomas Kuhn
Who is most well known to have developed the problem of induction?
David Hume.
This theory claims that science advances by rejecting falsified theories instead of confirming them.
Falsificationism
What are the three steps to the "Industry Playbook"?
Cherry Pick Results
Fund Opposition Research
Cast Doubt
The belief that we should believe in reality of scientific entities if we can manipulate them in experiments.
Entity Realism.
Who said, "in this chapter, I will review some common ideas about objectivity and argue that the objectivity of science is secured by the social character of inquiry. This chapter is a first step, therefore, towards socializing cognition"
Helen Longino
Who tried to solve the problem of induction, and what was the name of their theory?
Karl Popper - Hypothetico-Deductivism
Who claimed that there was not one universal scientific method, and what was this theory called?
Hasok Chang - Pluralism
What does Heather Douglas say that "inductive risk" is?
The risk of making incorrect inferences from data.
This philosophical view claims that physical objects are nothing more than bundles of sensory experiences.
Phenomenalism.
Who said, "The difficulties of peripheral researchers thus stems from their restricted
epistemic access to the knowledge-networks in science, which in turn, also
restricts their entry into the reward structure of science."
Deepanwita Dasgupta
Bertrand Russell used an example of this common animal being misled due to induction.
Chicken.
The Scientific Revolution occurred in response to what?
Scholasticism.
Who claims the description of the fertilization process, where the sperm is depicted as "active" and the egg is portrayed as "passive" is inherently sexist?
Emily Martin
The thought that the aim of science is not to find true theories, but rather develop theories that are "empirically adequate".
Constructive Empiricism.
Who said, "so far as I'm concerned, if you can spray them, they are real."
Ian Hacking