Column 1
Q1: This enzyme relieves the stress on DNA that occurs during the replication process.
Q2: This enzyme removes damaged pieces of DNA from the strand.
A1: What is topoisomerase? (also accepting what is gyrase?)
A2: What is repair endonuclease?
This is the site where transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription.
What is the promoter?
Q1: This site on the ribosome holds the growing protein chain.
Q2: This site on the ribosome accepts the next tRNA with the new amino acid.
A1: What is the P site?
A2: What is the A site?
Q1: This type of proteins keeps the DNA single-stranded while replication is occurring.
Q2: This enzyme unwinds the double-stranded helix.
A1: What are single-stranded binding proteins?
A2: What is helicase?
List the two characteristics of the codon chart.
The codon chart is universal (all organisms follow this system) and degenerative (an amino acid can be coded by multiple codons).
This is the on/off switch in DNA in prokaryotes, bound by a repressor.
What is an operator?
This enzyme covalently links the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand.
What is DNA ligase?
What process requires these things?
The small subunit of the ribosome, mRNA, initiator mRNA (methionine), and the large subunit of the ribosome
What is translation?
Q1: Bottlenecking and the founder effect are both examples of this. It refers to the production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations.
Q2: Sexual selection is an example of this. Essentially, it means that not all individuals mate at the same rate.
A1: What is genetic drift?
A2: What is nonrandom mating?
Packing of the DNA, DNA methylation, and transcription factors are all examples of this type of control over gene expression.
What is transcriptional control?
This enzyme runs down the double stranded DNA and makes a strand of RNA by reading the bottom strand.
What is RNA polymerase?
Name the 5 characteristics of an unchanging population (equilibrium).
1. large population
2. isolation
3. no mutations
4. no selection
5. no random mating
How many mass extinction events do scientists have evidence of?
It's believed that at least 5 mass extinction events have happened in the history of the Earth.
Describe the origins of life on Earth. (What came first?)
RNA -> protein -> DNA
Describe the structure of DNA.
1. double stranded helix
2. strands run anti-parallel (opposite directions)
3. strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases
4. bases are inside, phosphate backbone is outside
5. DNA has a uniform width, 3 "rings" wide
This enzyme extends DNA by adding complementary RNA bases to the end of the DNA strand to allow DNA polymerase to replicate the ends of the chromosomes.
What is telomerase?
Q1: These are spontaneous, random, rare, and almost always harmful.
Q2: This refers to migration of individuals between different populations followed by breeding.
A1: What are mutations?
A2: What is gene flow?
This enzyme prepares the DNA by giving a point where replication can start. It adds a short stretch of RNA to the DNA strand.
What is primase?
In an unchanging population of 200 pea plants, 50 have white flowers (recessive) and 150 have yellow flowers (dominant). Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations to determine how many plants are heterozygous and how many plants are homozygous dominant.
50 plants are homozygous dominant, 100 plants are heterozygous.
Describe the reproductive isolation mechanisms.
Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, morphological isolation, gamete isolation, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, and F2 fitness.
Q1: RNA processing (splicing) and RNA degradation are examples of this type of control.
Q2: Processing, transportation, and degradation of the protein are examples of this type of control.
A1: What is post-transcriptional control?
A2: What is post-translational control?
These function in initiation of transcription, transportation of the mRNA out of the nucleus, and they prevent degradation of the mRNA in the cytoplasm.
What is the 5' G cap & poly-A tail?
Q1: this biotechnological technique allows scientists to identify specific DNA sequences in a DNA sample
Q2: this technique is similar to ^^^^ but finds target RNA sequences
Q3: this technique is similar to ^^^^^^^^^ but finds target proteins
Q1: What is a Southern blot?
Q2: What is a Northern blot?
Q3: What is a Western blot?
Q1: This type of RNA is the most common in the cell, and is involved with ribosome structure.
Q2: This type of RNA contains introns and exons.
Q3: This type of RNA "changes the system" from codons to amino acids.
A1: What is rRNA?
A2: What is mRNA?
A3: What is tRNA?
MUTATIONS!!
Q1: The same amino acid is incorporated into the protein but one base is exchanged for another.
Q2: The change in base results in the appearance of a stop codon -- so the protein ends prematurely.
Q3: One base is exchanged for another, resulting in the wrong amino acid being added to the chain.
Q4: Adding or subtracting a base, which results in a completely different protein.
A1: What is a silent mutation?
A2: What is a nonsense mutation?
A3: What is a missense mutation?
A4: What is a frame-shift mutation?