Structural Search and Rescue
What information should be communicated to your supervisor or crew members?
Who should the firefighter coordinate with prior to creating an exterior opening
Coordinate with the IC and ventilation teams
What deficiencies should be corrected or reported when inspecting hose?
When water is converted directly to steam, it absorbs ___ times more energy than when it is vaporized into steam. It also rapidly expands approximately _______ times.
5 times, 1700
What is overhaul and what is its purpose?
search for hidden fires and other indicators of fire, and the assessment of final extinguishment after the main body of fire has been knocked down
What are the situations when a MAYDAY is called for?
Air emergencies
Lost/disoriented
Entanglement
Rapid fire development
Collapse/ trapped
What CAN’T thermal imagers do?
What are ways to avoid common injuries at vehicle scenes?
What conditions need to be considered to determine if the interior is tenable for firefighters?
what is tactical ventilation
Planned removal of heat, smoke, and gases, replaced with cooler, fresh air.
What type of washing does hard rubber booster hose, hard intake hose and rubber jacket collapsible hose?
Rinsing with clear water, mild soap may be used if necessary
What is an example of fuel removal?
Wildland firefighting crews often dig trenches to remove fuel in the path of the fire to try to contain it
Why do toxic gases still exist during overhaul?
Due to incomplete combustion during smoldering, and many other depending on the building contents involved in the fire
How can you overcome the psychological effects of obscured vision
(ex:Disorientation, Fear, Claustrophobia, Panic)
What should you do when you believe your life is in immediate danger?
Immediately activate MAYDAY button on radio and contact IC then activate PASS device
What are extraordinary hazards in vehicle fires?
What are the tools and equipment that you should have when getting ready to search?
What does tactical ventilation allow the firefighter to do?
Control the fire growth and spread
Evacuates smoke, during overhaul and loss control
Controls where hot gases and smoke exhaust
How should woven jacket fire hose be cleaned?
Any dirt or debris should be swept or brushed off, if that does not work use a stiff brush and rinse with clear water
What type of fire is fuel removal rarely an option for?
Structure fire
Because of the threat of reignition, what needs to be present during overhaul?
What is LIPS in regards to MAYDAY
L- location
I- identification
P- problem
S- survival
What is extremities lift/ carry
What is seat lift/ carry?
What is litter carry?
*extremities lift/ carry-Enables 2 rescuer to move a victim
*What is seat lift/ carry-Enables 2 rescuers to carry a conscious or unconscious victim
*What is litter carry-Use of a backboard or basket or scoop stretcher to rescue a victim
What are the areas that airbags can deploy from?
What CAN thermal imagers do?
What will cause an increase in the combustion rate during fire is ventilation limited?
What should be done when fire hose has been exposed to oil? 571
Mild soap or detergent using scrub brushes or straw brooms when hose is clean Rince with clear water
What type of suppression is it when firefighters allow all available fuel to be consumed while firefighters protect exposures?
Fuel removal
What can be evidence of hidden fires found by sight?
When are the times when you need to check your air supply gauge?
What are examples of alternative fuels?
What should you do when you encounter fire in a room during search operations
Close the door and report the condition
____________ without ______________ can lead to flashover
Ventilation without coordination
What causes thermal damage to fire hose?
Excessive heat or cold
What is an example of oxygen exclusion?
Extinguishing stove top fires by placing a lid on a pan with burning greases
What sounds can be evidence of hidden fires?
What is your point of return based on?
What is a bump test and what do they verify?
A calibration performed on air monitor being taken to an incident , needs to be calibrated before mounting the apparatus.
Direct and indirect are the two most basic methods for attacking __________________.
During search and rescue What should your supervisor be notified of immediately?
Of any rooms that could not be searched
What affects how soon a flashover occurs
The longer the structure or compartment s allowed to burn with adequate ventilation and without water being applied
What is an example of organic damage?
Mildew or mold
What are the observable results of proper hose stream application?
What type of electronic sensors can be used to detect hidden fires
What is a LUNAR in regards to MAYDAY?
What can affect exterior exposures?
Radiation and or direct flame contact
What is a crown or canopy fire?
Wind driven, high intensity fires that move through the tree tops pf heavily spread forested areas
What direction should you turn when leaving a room after searching it?
Which means of heat transfer is the primary mode of heat transfer in a structure fire
Convection
What can be done to reduce age deterioration, and What type of load is recommended to reduce deterioration
FLAT load
What is a shielded fire?
A fire you cannot see from the doorway because it is located in a remote part of the structure or objects are shielding the fire
What are salvage covers used for?
What actions must be taken immediately following a MAYDAY?
How can convection affect exposures?
Nearby structures and vegetation can be ignited if convection carries hot fires brands or embers aloft
What burns in a crawling ground cover fire?
What are the specialized search methods?
To be effective tactical, ventilation must be coordinated with what?
With an immediate fire attack
What are the three more common hose rolls?
Strait roll
Donut roll
Twin donut roll
What is direct fire control?
what is indirect fire control?
A direct application of water to the seat of the fire with a solid or strait stream uses water most efficiently
indirect water application on ceiling and walls to gain distance and suppress the heat and smoke around room rather than just the flames
Where should the firefighter stand when pulling a ceiling?
What evacuation notification method is best for large structures?
Shelter in place
What are the indications of a possible roof collapse
What is the concern with fires in small structures and storage containers
If there is a question about hazards in a small structure or storage container, how should firefighting operations proceed?
-Assume small structures/storage units may contain chemicals, flammables, or explosives.
-Protect exposures, prevent fire spread, allow structure to self -extinguish
Why should egress passageways always be controlled during a search?
So search teams can escape if conditions change rapidly
What are the safety considerations when ventilating?
Structure itself consists of lightweight construction
Fire inside the structure is ventilation limited
What is a straight roll?
When is a donut roll used?
What is the purpose of a twin donut roll?
*Start at the male coupling end and roll towards the female coupling end
*When hose is likely to be deployed directly from a roll
*Creates compact roll that can be easily transported and carried
What is a concern with below grade structure fires?
Collapse risk and they may contain additional fuels for a fire and lack of proper egress points
when does overhaul begin following a vehicle fire?
Once IC gives the command starts in the fire compartment
What do all units on the scene have to do when an evacuation order is given?
PAR : personal accountability report
What is a big concern when fighting a fire in stacked or piled materials?
How is class A foam effective for stacked and piled materials fires?
-A collapse danger
-The foam will soak into the material and coat the ground cover and exposures preventing fire spread
when are primary searches conducted vs secondary searches
primary-Before or during fire suppression quick and swiftly as possible
secondary- once fire is contained and a more thorough search is conducted
What is unplanned ventilation?
What can unplanned ventilation influence?
Failure of windows, doors and structural members as a result of heat/ fire exposure
Fire behavior in ventilation limited fires
What load is the easiest to load?
Flat Load
When should the sprinkler system be shut down during a fire?
What can happen if the sprinkler control valve is closed before the fire is under control?
-Once fire is under control and IC has given then command to do so
-Can lead to a rapid increase in fire conditions
What needs to be removed in a vehicle fire to investigate hidden fires?
What are the general guidelines when removing a firefighter with a functioning SCBA?
What are the general guidelines when removing a firefighter with non-functioning SCBA? 482
functioning SCBA-The team must move the firefighter carefully so as not to dislodge the mask
Non-functioning SCBA-The team must either connect the firefighter facepiece to a functioning SCBA or quickly remove the firefighter from the hazardous atmosphere
What do smooth bore nozzles produce?
A solids fire stream
. What surfaces will provide a good thermal image?
flat and black
what is the V. E. I. S search method and when is it chosen as a rescue tactic?
V-Vent
E-Enter
I-Isolate
S-Search
When a credible report of possible victims in survivable areas of a structure
What should be outlined in the SOPs for inspection and maintenance of ventilation equipment?
What does a combination load permit
Permits apparatus to make a forward lay from the water source to the fire followed by a reverse lay back to the water source
What can fail and go into thermal runaway?
Lithium ion battery units in ESS
What is property conservation?
What are catchalls?
What type of flow is 10-125 gpm?
What type of flow is 70-200 gpm?
What type of flow is 70-350 gpm?
-low
-mid
-high
What is a dewatering device?
Incline Drag:
Enable a rescuer to move the victim up or down the stairs
Webbing Drag:
Rescuer pulls webbing around victim to drag them out while staying low.
Difference: incline is for an unconscious victim and up or down the stairs while webbing is for a downed Firefighter with SCBA or unconscious victim
What is the oldest type of ventilation?
Negative pressure ventilation (NVP): uses fans to pull smoke out or boost natural airflow.
What are dry barrel hydrants designed for?
What are wet barrel hydrants?
DRY-
*Used in freezing climates
*Water is only allowed in the hydrant when the stem nut is opened
WET-
Because LPG gas is about 1 1/2 times as heavy as air, it will _______ to the lowest point possible.
sink
What is the purpose of salvage?
What are safety guidelines for using smoke ejectors?
What is a piercing nozzle used for?
Used to pierce material such as stucco, block, wood, and light weight steel in order to access fires in concealed spaces
What is the most practical method of removing water that comes through the ceiling from upper floors?
Water chutes
Once the RIC has entered the structure, what should they do that may help them find the downed firefighter?
Stay quiet; IC shuts down noisy equipment to hear PASS alarms or calls for help.
When/why should an inspection hole be cut in a roof?
to help determine the location of fire, the presence of the fire below the roof and construction features below
What is a ball valve?
What is a clapper valve?
Ball valves -(in pump systems and wyes) are open when aligned with the hose and closed when perpendicular.
Clapper valve-Used in Siamese/FDCs, clappers allow one-way flow and prevent water from exiting unused ports when only one hose is connected.
How should you approach a vehicle fire?
What can be signs of arson
What does positive pressure fans work best on?
What is a cellar nozzle used for?
What do ball valves provide?
-Has a rotating head with outlets that distribute water in a circular pattern
-Effective nozzle control with little effort
Why is it a good practice to cover openings?
What are the 4 gases that a typical 4 gas monitor will test for?
LEL (lower explosive limit gas mixture)
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen sulfide
How big should a trench cut be?
Two parallel cuts that extends from one exterior wall to the opposite wall and leave Pannels in place until fire has reached trench
What are the three types of nozzles ?
What are the three main functions of nozzles
main functions of nozzles
Controlling water flow
Creating reach
Shaping the hose stream
three types of nozzles :
smooth
constant
Automatic
What is a flank attack?
What is a parallel attack.
flank attack-Attacking a fire on the flanks or sides of a wildfire and working along the fire edge towards the head of the fire
Parallel attack-Constructing a fire line parallel to a wildfires edge after the line is constructed the fuel inside the line is burned out
When is field reduction of contaminates completed
When done correctly what does the PPA do?
In a two firefighter method for hose operations during an interior attack, what is the role of the two firefighters?
Nozzle Firefighter
-Controls and operates the nozzle
-Directs the hose stream onto the fire
-Selects the appropriate stream pattern
-Communicates needs (water, movement, adjustments)
Backup (Control) Firefighter
-Assists in advancing the hoseline
-Absorbs nozzle reaction force
-Helps prevent kinks
-Supports repositioning and stability
-Monitors conditions behind and around the nozzle firefighter
What does vertical ventilation involve?
What means may be used to notify crews of an evacuation?
Abandon structure: used in an emergency to tell interior personnel to leave the structure immediately
Withdraw: leave the structure taking your tools and equipment with you in a timely manner
Evacuation: used by some departments to refer to the removal of civilian personnel form a structure or area
When is a flashover likely to occur in a basement fire
Basements with windows and doors due to oxygen being relatively available to fuel the fire creating the flashover
What is a basic fog nozzle?
What is a constant gallonage fog nozzle?
What is a constant pressure (automatic) fog nozzle?
What is a constant gallonage nozzle?
-An adjustable pattern fog nozzle and discharges waer at a constant GPM
-An adjustable pattern spray nozzle
-Spring loaded; will maintain its pressure within its flow range
-Discharges water at a consistent GPM
What is the head of a ground cover fire?
What is the purpose of field reduction of contaminates?
When should hydraulic ventilation be used?
What can a hose strap be used for in the two firefighter method?
How can doors be marked during a search?