Module 1 & 2
True or False: ALWAYS wear your Personal Protective Wear (PPW) – at least surgical gloves.
False: ALWAYS wear your Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – at least surgical gloves.
True or False: The abdomen can be imagined to be divided into four
quadrants?
True
What is the name of the scale to check a patient's level of conscious?
Glasgow Coma Scale
How many chest compressions and rescue breaths should you do on a patient when performing CPR?
30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths
Blood pressure reading consists of two numbers, What are they?
Blood pressure reading consists of two numbers, a systolic reading (top number) and a diastolic reading (bottom number)
What are the objectives of first aid?
maintain life
prevent further injuries
relieve pain and anxiety
List three (3) functions of the skin
1. to protect the body in the environment,
2. to regulate the temperature of the body and
3. to transmit information from the environment to the brain.
Name the emergency services you would call by a MVA
•At any MVA (worse than a fender-bender), you should also summon the Fire and Rescue Service. It is not good practice to suddenly call them when a motor vehicle catches light, or a tree or pole falls onto the scene; call the Brigade first! If you need traffic to be controlled, call Traffic Services.
When do you do rescue breaths?
When the patient is not breathing?
What makes a good first aider?
Good communication skills
Ability to work in a team
Leadership
Ability to work under pressure
Knowledge of your own limits
What is Safety 1-2-3?
1. Self – personal safety must come first!
2. Scene – safety of the scene ie stabilise it and assess the
risks
3. Survivors – this is the last consideration. Survivors are a
positive, more victims are a negative!
List 4 major organs in the Right Upper Quadrant
• liver (solid)
• gall bladder (hollow)
• portion of colon (hollow)
• portion of small intestine (hollow)
• right kidney (solid)
Explain the term Mechanism of Injury
It is an assessment that should be conducted taking into account:
Pre-incident - What events led up to the accident or injury?
Incident - What exactly happened during the incident?
Post Incident - What did the person do or feel immediately after the accident?
Explain the 3 types of external bleeding?
•Arterial - bright red in colour and spurting
•Venous - dark maroon or blue in colour with a steady flow
•Capillary – Oozing
What are you checking when you are checking a patients vital signs?
Pupils
o reactivity to light
o size
o shape
Respiration
o Rate
o Air entry
Depth
Sounds
Quality
equality (L & R apices, L & R bases)
Pulse
o Rate
o Rhythm
Blood pressure
o Record
Skin condition
o temperature (cold, hot)
o colour (pale, grey, cyanotic, yellow, red, etc)
o texture (dry, clammy, very sweaty)
Refusal of treatment: Adults who are:
•conscious
•alert
• who appear to have decision making capacity
have the right to refuse treatment or to withdraw from treatment at any time
even if doing so may result in their death or serious injury.
What document do they need to sign in the event they refuse treatment?
Get them to sign the patient report form refusing treatment!
Define the different body systems:
1. Respiratory System
2. Circulatory System
3. Nervous System
4. Urinary System
1. The respiratory system consists of all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing. It includes the nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
2. The circulatory system is a complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
3. •The nervous system is perhaps the most complex organ system within the human body. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
4. •The urinary system controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys.
The principles of emergency scene and patient assessment can be applied by using ‘H, H, H, C, A, B’.
What is ‘H, H, H, C, A, B’?
Hazard
Hello
Help
Circulation
Airway
Breathing
How do you control external bleeding?
Direct pressure – the first and most important intervention
Pressure dressing – use trauma pads and bandages
Reinforce pressure dressing - if bleeding is not controlled keep adding pads
and bandage
Tourniquet – these may be used if necessary and direct/indirect pressure isn’t
working. Write on the patient ‘TOURNIQUET’ and the time it was applied so that
it is known how long it has been on
Calm and reassure the patient (reduces heart rate and blood pressure)
Immobilise the affected part by splinting
What does the Acronym SAMPLE stand for?
o S Signs and Symptoms
o A Allergies (is the PT allergic to anything?)
o M Medication (is the PT taking any medication? If so, what is it,
what is it for, when was it last taken?)
o P Past and Present medical history
o L Last meal in/out (what did PT eat, when, last defecation –
diarrhoea/constipation?)
o E events leading to the call for help (what happened?)
Scene Safety & Management
Name 3 Hazardous Materials
Name 3 Violence Hazards
Hazardous: Chemicals, Broken Glass, Oil, Fuel Spills, Sharp metal objects, Smoke, Downed Power Lines
Violence: Crime Scenes, Alcohol/drug use, Weapons, Family Members, Bystanders, Perpetrators, Pets
Define the following terms:
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Recovery position
4. Superior
5. Inferior
•Anterior – front (also called ventral);
•Posterior – back (also called dorsal);
•recovery position – preferred position for unconscious non-trauma patient;
•superior – above;
•inferior – below;
Explain the colours in a Triage.
Red – Vital signs are impaired. Patient is critically ill/injured or about to become so. SECONDS COUNT.
Yellow – May still be seriously ill/injured. Vital signs not impaired AND patient is unlikely to get worse in the next few minutes. MINUTES COUNT
Green – not seriously injured BUT check up on these patient s and treat ASAP when others have been treated. Bear in mind that, over time, a green patient can become a yellow patient, can become a red patient!
Blue – very obviously dead. These are still patients and must be treated with respect.
Explain how you would treat the below burns:
A chemical burns to the body and eyes
Treatment of electrical burns
Chemical Burn
•Flood the area with copious amounts of clean (preferably running) water for 20 minutes
•Remove (non-sticking) contaminated clothing
•Cover the burn with moist non-fluffy dressings
•Treat for shock
•Get the patient to hospital
Electrical Burns:
The passage of electricity through the body can cause respiratory failure and cardiac arrest
It is critical that the patient is disconnected from the power supply before approaching and treating the patient
Most electrical burns, like gunshot wounds, have an entry and exit wound
•Switch off the power
•H, H, H, C, A, B
•Secondary survey
•Treat any visible burns as for thermal burns
•Get the patient to hospital urgently
•faster than normal heart rate is termed tachycardia
•slower than normal heart rate is termed bradycardia
•irregular heart beat is termed arrhythmia