Context
This Ottoman military group resisted change within the Empire
The Janissaries
Why was there a need for Bureaucratic reorganization?
-limit notable influence
-Increase National Revenue
-Curb corruption, inefficiency, and overstaffing
What was the document that first formalized conscription?
The Gulhane Edict
What system of taxation was abolished?
Name one reason why.
Tax Farming
Centralize tax collection, introduce direct taxation, reduce power of local elites
What group of people benefited from this reform?
The Non Muslims benefitted
This failed reform started in 1794
Nazimi-Cedid
What office became much more influential after the Tanzimat Reform and why?
The Ministry of Foreign affairs or the translation office, because they had European klnowledge.
What did the 1869 Regulation of Public Institutions establish?
New School systems to produce well trained military officers
Name one development of infrastructure made to improve communication and trade.
Roads, railways, telegraphs.
What did this reform create?
Secular establishments such as school and courts, secular means not based on religion. It also established mixed courts, meaning courts that had judges of multiple races. The Penal Code was established and it established equality between non muslims and muslims.
This group in the Balkans pushed for independence.
The Christians
What was an alternate goal (bedsides centralization) of this reorganization? Why was this a goal?
Educating a new elite and producing cadres. This was to produce a new generation of leaders that would benefit the Empire.
What stigmas developed around conscription?
-the Bedel-i Askeri tax payouts allowed the wealthy to avoid conscription
-lack of effective training and technologyand long periods of serving decreased chances of survival (the soldiers would never return home)
Conscription became resented and feared among the working class and general population.
What new economic incorporation increased integration into the global capitalist system?
Foreign Trade Boom
Who opposed this reform and why?
The traditionalists within the Ottoman Empire opposed this reform because they favored when governance was based on Islamic Law.
This Greek island saw a major massacre in 1827.
Chios.
Identify one alternating perspective. How would this perspective react to these reforms?
European Country: Benefits from western style admin.
Russia: Dislikes European influence.
Janissary/notables:Resent loss of power
What were some limitations of the military reforms?
-Navy warships are much lower quality that European's
-conscription feared
-Still can't generate enough revenue to properly fund
Which law created in 1858 converted state lands into privately owned lands?
Land Law of 1858
How would steering away from governing based on Islamic law impact the Ottoman Empire from a social aspect?
The traditionalist and or the members of the Ottoman Empire with high religious knowledge were put at the top of the social hierarchy. Since the Empire was steering away from primarily ruling based on Islamic Law, the traditionalists place in the social heiarchy would decline (this is a reason why they so heavily opposed this reform).
Which region did the Ottomans rely too much on for trade?
Europe
In what ways were these administrative reforms impactful? Were they effective?
-Effective in spreading western ideas
-Educating the youth
-Establishing stronger diplomatic relations
They were somewhat effective as they did create higher standards of communication. However the oppositions and internal restrictions still persisted.
How did these reforms attempt to satisfy external pressures?
Europeans were invested in Empire's success to limit Russian influence. They need the empire to be able to defend against pressures and curb territorial losses.
These reforms attempted to solve these issues by modernizing the army and increasing internal involvement.
How did the Tanzimat reforms aim to alleviate previous economic struggles in the Ottoman Empire?
Were they successful?
Struggles: territorial loss, need to strengthen/modernize the state, inflation from debasing coinage, many people not reached by taxation systems, reliance on Europe
The reforms were somewhat successful but the empire faced financial struggles due to high costs and extravagant spending which strained government finances.
Were the reforms to Equality Under The Law successful and what were the long lasting effects?
The reform was somewhat successful, because there weren't any revolts or independence movements following the reforms. But, at the same time the reforms faced heavy opposition from the traditionalist muslims.