Mythology
What do myths try to explain?
The origin, nature, and ultimate destiny of the world and its human beings.
What should be of interest to everyone?
Philosophy
Charles is studying History for his final exam, there are many events he does not understand, but he decides to learn them by heart in order to pass the exam. Is he a critical thinker? Justify your answer.
No, he is not questioning, reflecting, analysing, etc.
Is this an argument?
"There is a god in heaven and he is fair."
No, that is just the conclusion.
Object of study of metaphysics
reality
Joseph Campbell says schools give us information but they do not teach us:
how to live or what it means to be alive.
What do you need to be a good philosopher?
Wonder
Calling someone stupid instead of debating with arguments is an obstacle to critical thinking. What kind of obstacle is it?
Fallacy (ad hominem)
Identify the premise(s) and conclusion(s).
I should be a lawyer because I wish to travel which costs a lot of money and lawyers make a lot of money.
Premises:
Lawyers make a lot of money.
Traveling costs money.
I wish to travel.
Conclusion: I should be a lawyer.
Object of study of epistemology
knowledge
When they started trying to answer important questions through analysis instead of stories.
What is the best way to approach Philosophy?
Questions
When a clinic says their treatment has a 60% success rate and you prefer that one over the one with 40% failure rate, that is due to an obstacle to critical thinking known as:
Framing
Is the argument valid? Why or why not?
I like my philosophy teacher and I do all the activities she gives us and study for her class. Therefore I will probably pass Math.
Invalid because my hard work in Philosophy is not related to my Math grade.
Give an example of a question pertaining to aesthetics.
What is beauty? Is art always beautiful?
Why would you say the myth of Narcissus has significance?
Because we still read it and use it as a metaphor for the evils of giving ourselves too much self-importance.
What is the essence of Philosophy?
The search for truth.
When you believe your team wins when you and your friends do a dance before the game and forget all the times you've danced and they've lost, or you did not dance and they won, but today you danced and they won and you think "Yeah! Always works!" :) This is an obstacle to critical thinking known as:
confirmation bias
Is the argument sound? Why or why not?
Plato was Socrates' teacher therefore Plato and Socrates knew each other.
Not sound. Socrates was Plato's teacher, not the other way around.
Give an example of a question pertaining to ethics.
How should we live?
How has the myth of Narcissus gone from "mythos" lo "logos"?
Because a personality disorder was named on its honor. Psychology is now the science in charge of studying this type of behavior, no more stories.
If we already have Science, why do we need Philosophy?
Because Science pertains to particular objects and Philosophy to the whole of being.
Heuristics
Is the argument deductive or non-deductive?
"Miss Linda's tests are usually hard so next friday's test will probably be hard."
Nondeductive (it is not certain, we are not going from the general to the particular, we are using the past to try to predict the future)
Discipline within philosophy that seeks to unify the several empirical investigations of human nature.
Philosophical Anthropology