Historical Analysis & sources
Name the 5 elements you must find while doing an historical analysis.
Time, Location, Actors, Causes and Consequences.
Which theory defeated the idea that EARTH was the center of the universe? Describe it.
Heliocentrism, the idea that the SUN is the center of the universe.
Besides the economic aspects, name ONE difference between liberals and conservatives.
Liberalism focuses on individual freedoms, seeks universal voting, separation of powers, and removing the Church from public affairs.
Conservatism focuses on the involvement of institutions like the Church and the government in public and private life. It favors limited voting rights and centralized power.
TRUE or FALSE: The Second Estate in France DIDN'T have political rights.
Explain why.
FALSE: The Third Estate didn't have political rights.
The First and Second Estate had a lot of autonomy.
Mention 2 consequences of the French Revolution?
New social groups taking decisions, human rights, separation of powers, democracy.
Name the difference between direct and indirect sources.
Direct sources intentionally give us information. Indirect sources were not created with the purpose of giving information, but still provide it.
Why was the Scientific Revolution NOT solely a European achievement?
Because it was achived through CULTURAL EXCHANGE around the world. Some scientists only improved previous inventions or theories.
TRUE or FALSE: Great Britain had a Constitutional Monarchy which took in consideration the interests of EVERY citizen.
FALSE: the colonists didn't have parliamentary representation. Only European British participated in the decisions.
What was the bourgeoisie?
It's the name of a group of revolutionaries that wanted to cooperate with the king to create a constitutional monarchy.
Girondins.
If we create a biography of Marie Antoinette and read a letter that she wrote to her sister, would we be consulting a PRIMARY or SECONDARY source?
Explain why.
Primary source, because the letter is contemporary to Marie Antoinette.
Mention 2 aspects about Europe's historical context during the Enlightenment.
1. Absolutist monarchies
2. Wars
3. Religious Intolerance
4. Discontent from the population
Why did the Boston Tea Party occurred in 1773?
Colonists were protesting the monopoly of tea imposed by Great Britain.
Why did the French government had to rise the taxes before the revolution?
Because of economic waste by the involvement in wars and the luxuries of the nobility/clergy.
Why did Austria and Prussia declare war on France after the revolution sparked?
They wanted to defend european monarchies. They feared that the revolutionary sentiment would spread.
TRUE or FALSE: facts are always subjective and opinions are objective.
Justify your answer.
TRUE: Facts can be always be verified, so they are OBJECTIVE. Opinions are the ones that are SUBJECTIVE because they are based on personal beliefs or ideas.
What ideas were proposed during the Enlightenment to respect the population's needs?
Describe two ideas from the philosophers studied in class. (You don’t need to name the philosopher).
1. Separation of Powers (legislative, executive, judicial).
2. Social Contract (king provides justice and security in exchange for loyalty)
3. Natural rights (respect for life, freedom and property)
4. Freedom of expression
What is the difference between economic liberalism and economic protectionism?
In economic protectionism, the government INTERVENES in the economy by granting monopolies and benefits.
In economic liberalism, the government DOES NOT interfere in the economy.
Why did the Third Estate create its own assembly during the Estates-General of 1789?
Because they want to draft a Constitution.
Besides censorship, violance and repression, describe 3 measures applied during the Reign of Terror.
1. Law of Maximum to regulate prices of basic necessities.
2. Law of Suspects to arrest all of the enemies of the revolution.
3. Free education for kids
4. Dechristianization of France (new calendar, suspension of religious services, etc.)
Describe the 3 conditions for an event to be considered HISTORICAL.
1. Relevant to a society
2. Has causes and effects/consequences
3. Distant from the present
In which sense was the Scientific Revolution a RUPTURE and in which sense was it only a CHANGE?
RUPTURE: It ended the Church’s monopoly over science and the idea that everything happens because of God.
CHANGE: Previous inventions were improved, and experimentation was used to prove theories.
Describe the process of colonization of the Thirtheen Colonies.
(Mention at least 2 aspects seen in class).
A. Religious freedom.
B. Families and companies that asked the king for permission to move to America.
C. Mercantilism (a lot of intervention from the goverment in the economy).
How can we relate the Estates-General to the concept of "Enlightened Despotism"?
"Everything for the people, but without the people"
Because it was meant to "listen" to the citizens and allow them to hold a vote on taxes.
In practice, it didn’t work because the king ignored the delegates and didn’t allow voting by person (and not by Estate).
In which sense did the Reign of Terror go against the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the constitutions?
There were no freedoms. No respect for life. No justice, nor equality.