Screen'm or Leave'm
Identify 3 actions within a Fitness Appraiser's Scope of Practice
¤ Educate
¤ Screen
¤ Select appropriate test(s)
¤ Conduct standardized protocols with “apparently healthy” people
¤ Interpret assessment findings
¤ Prescribe an exercise/physical activity program
¤ Instruct
¤ Motivate
¤ Monitor & measure progress
¤ Critique & correct
When taking Skinfold measurements, a third 'round' of measurements is taken when the difference between the first and second measurements is greater than _________ ?
2.0 mm
What's the difference between Reliability and Validity?
Reliability: A reliable test produces the same results if repeated
Validity: the degree to which an instrument measures the concept that it is supposed to be measuring
List the reasons WHY we assess Fitness.
Any of the following are correct:
1) Develop a relationship with client
2) Provides a health screen: ID potential health complications and risk
3) Classify disease risk
4) ID contraindications to exercise
5) Obtain informed consent
6) Assess each component of physical fitness
7) Develop physical fitness profile
Mr. and Mrs. Smith both have a Waist-to-Hip Ratio of 0.92. Which one is "at risk"?
Mrs. Smith ("at risk" value for females = > 0.86)
Males "at risk" value = > 0.95
What is the purpose of the Informed Consent Form?
¤ Explain the purpose and nature of each test
¤ Describe any inherent risk involved in the testing
¤ Outline any expected benefits to the tests
What is the difference between Lab-based (Reference) methods and Field-based methods?
Give examples of each.
Lab-Based
1) Hydrostatic weighing
2) Air displacement Plethysmography (BodPod)
3) Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
4) MRI & CT Scan
Field-Based
1) Skinfold method
2) Bioelectrical Impedance
3) Other anthropometric methods
Make distinctions between relative importance, comparison to norms, and significance.
Relative Importance: Determines how important each of the components that were tested are to the overall well-being, functionality, and/or performance in the sport/workplace
Comparison to Norms: Guides interpretation of the test results by comparing to normative data (i.e. comparison to scores of individuals of similar age and gender)
Significance: Determines if the changes from test to test (eg. baseline to 3-months) are significant
Describe (as if to a client) what you will find using the Skinfold Method to assess anthropometry.
The Skinfold Method is being performed to obtain an estimate of total body fat percentage.
Body fat percentage is determined by taking measurements with Skinfold calipers at different sites of the body (7 sites for men, 3 sites for women).
At certain sites/locations, the skin is pinched/pulled and the Skinfold caliper jaws are applied. Slight discomfort may be experienced.
Once all Skinfold sites are measured, the measurements are entered into an equation to estimate total body fat percentage.
True or False?
According to the ACSM preparticipation screening algorithm (the "Exercise Testing & Supervision Recommendations"), if a participant is A) asymptomatic, B) has no known disease, and C) does not participate in regular exercise, it is NOT necessary to have a medical clearance before initiating low- to moderate-intensity exercise.
True
What should you do if a client answers “Yes” to any of the questions in Section 2 of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+).
Inform the client that they must visit their doctor to seek medical clearance before they can complete the fitness assessment.
Which of the following is considered to be an anthropometric method for determining body composition?
A) Hydrostatic/under water weighing (UWW).
B) Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
C) Body mass index (BMI).
D) Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).
E) Computed tomography (CT).
C) BMI
The Skinfold method is compared against DEXA (the "gold standard") that is a 3-component model. What 3 components does DEXA measure?
Bone, fat, and muscle.
Why would we assess body composition (the relative proportion of the body's various tissues/components)?
Any of the following are correct:
¤ Assess health risk
¤ Classify populations (eg. athletes)
¤ Compare to normative data
¤ Athletic, functional, & occupational performance relevance
¤ Appearance/aesthetics
¤ Evaluation of healthy weight & nutritional recommendations
¤ Monitoring growth patterns in children & adolescents
¤ Assessing changes in body composition related to aging, malnutrition, & effectiveness of exercise interventions
True or False?
If a person is currently taking anti-hypertensive medication, he or she is considered to have hypertension as a positive risk factor for the development of CVD.
True
If your client has a Stable Health Condition (i.e. "Low Risk"), what would their PAR-Q+ Form look like?
1+ YES answers on Page 1 but all NO answers to follow-up Q’s on Pages 2-3.
*AND*
All NO responses to Q #2, #6, #7
What is the name for the type of fat located between the muscle and skin and can be measured with skinfold calipers?
Subcutaneous Fat
What is included in the Informed Consent Form?
1) Explaining the purpose of the assessments.
2) Describing the procedures that will be used.
3) Describing the risks and discomforts associated with the assessments.
4) Describing the benefits to be obtained from the assessments.
5) Describing alternatives (if any).
6) Describing the responsibilities that are required of the participant.
7) Explaining that the participant can ask questions at any time.
8) Explaining how data will be handled (confidentiality).
9) Explaining that the participant can withdraw his or her consent and stop the assessment process at any time.
Identify as many (of 8) positive risk factors for the development of CVD (Cardiovascular Disease).
Any of the following factors are correct:
1) Age
2) Family history
3) Cigarette smoking
4) Physical inactivity (sedentary lifestyle)
5) Obesity
6) Blood pressure (hypertension)
7) Lipids (dyslipidemia)
8) Blood glucose (pre-diabetes)
Using a blood pressure cuff that is too large will generally result in a blood pressure reading that is artificially __________.
Low
What would you do if an individual’s resting blood pressure is 145/90 mmHg after 2 readings?
Nothing. It is safe to continue with the fitness appraisal.
*The cut-off value is 149/94 mmHg
Of the skinfold sites practiced in class, identify the ones that are vertical.
Triceps
Thigh
Abdominal (can be horizontal as well)
Midaxillary (can be horizontal as well)
Describe important standardization steps to be used when measuring waist circumference.
Any of the following steps are correct:
• The technician should stand on the right side of the client
• The measurement should be made on bare skin
• The measurement should be taken at the end of a normal exhalation by the client
• The measuring tape should be parallel to the floor and should be pulled to lay flat on the skin without compressing the skin (some measurement tapes have a gauge to standardize the tension)
• Multiple measurements should be taken to determine the smallest circumference site. The mean of 2 measurements at this location (that do not differ by >1 cm) is used.
• Palpate/locate the iliac crest.
Calculate BMI for a 130-lb woman who is 65 inches tall.
130 lbs = 59.1 kg
65 inches = 1.651 m
BMI = 21.7 kg/m2
What are the differences and similarities between Waist Circumference and Hip Circumference?
Similarities:
Both use anthropometric tape
Both are estimated to the nearest 0.5 cm
Differences:
WC: Bottom edge of tape is placed at the superior of the iliac crest; measurement is taken at the end of expiration
HC: Measurement is taken at the widest part of the hips (not standardized)