MRSA
Although this antibiotic is rarely used anymore, the "M" in the name of this disease stands for it
METHICILLIN, an early synthetic derivative of Penicillin
The "C" and the "diff" in the abbreviated version of this disease's name each stand for
C="Clostridium" and DIFF="difficile" (French for "difficult")
Since the tiny tiny droplets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis hang out in the air for such a long time, the level of precaution required for this disease is AIRBORNE. What OTHER precaution is recommended in the hospital for such patients
NEGATIVE PRESSURE ROOM
Of the different categories of "flu," the type that is both MOST COMMON and MOST SERIOUS is called
Type A [note this is the only type that is further distinguished by the subtype "H" and "N" designators, such as "H1N1" influenza
The level of precaution required for Meningitis is
The level of precaution / method of transmission of this disease (a second answer is possible if the disease progresses in a certain way)
CONTACT; if it gets into the lungs and it becomes "respiratory MRSA," then DROPLET
The level of precaution is usually this, with a second extra practice required (also explain how the degree of isolation precaution could go up)
CONTACT with washing hands with SOAP & WATER required; but if C.diff goes to the lungs and turns respiratory, then the level of precaution moves from CONTACT to DROPLET
Besides clinical manifestations of dyspnea, cough, chest pain, chest tightness, fatigue, crackles (usually high on pt's back), anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fever, & night sweats, Hollywood often highlights this result of a productive cough that Tom says is actually rare
This is the the type of "flu" that is generally mild and spreads from human to human, but MAY cause EPIDEMICS
Influenza Type B (has no "subtypes")
Aside from the eventual treatment of this disease with corticosteroids and/or antiseizure meds, this disease MUST be treated URGENTLY with what pharmacological intervention
Broad-spectrum ANTIBIOTICS
Pharmacological treatment for this disease involves
ANTIBIOTICS (specifically, in the hospital: Vancomycin)
Among the s/s that include GI inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis, fever, dehydration, abdominal pain, and distention, one particular other distinctive sign is one that a caregiver may be likely to notice when assisting with ADLs
Foul-smelling watery DIARRHEA that is especially "unpleasant" (Tom compares it to the smell of horse manure)
After the body creates "caseating" [cheese-like] granulomas around the TB bacilli that have infected the body, these granulomas CALCIFY into more stable structures that heal via fibrosis and only cavitate (rupture, releasing the bacilli) on secondary infection. Each such structure is called
A GHON COMPLEX
The type of precaution required for the "flu" is
DROPLET
In the pathology process, bacterial replicate-> release endotoxins in CSF-> body releases inflammatory mediators-> pathogens, neutrophils, albumin all enter the subarachnoid space-> further inflammation-> the generation of THIS SUBSTANCE that causes vascular congestion and greater complications
PUS. The congestion from this PUS, that thickens the meninges-> adhesions-> the pathogen spreads to other parts of the brain and usually INCREASES the Intercrandial Pressure (IICP), impinges cranial nerves, may lead to hydrocephalus
Major risk factors for developing this disease include (list at least THREE)
Prolonged hospitalization, admission to ICU, admission to nursing homes, antibiotics use, invasive procedures, HIV, open wounds, hemodialysis, long term foley caths, discharge from hospital with central line, admit to hospital that has high levels of MRSA
The population most at risk of contracting this disease are
The elderly, people who are immunosuppressed, those who have been undergoing broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Many of these pts usually get it in the hospital
Aside from the more recently-developed Quantiferon-TB Gold test, this shallow-injection skin test that produces a measurable site called a "wheal" is commonly used to detect Tuberculosis contagion (2 names possible)
The Mantoux test, aka the Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test
S/s of the "flu" include chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, coryza (runny/stuffy nose), sore throat, fatigue, HA, & other aches, but this s/s shows up later as a person is recovering from the disease.
COUGHING
In addition to clinical manifestations of high fever, chills, HA, nuchal [neck] rigidity, painful back/abdomen/extremities, N/V, nerve palsies, seizures, decreased LOC, delirium, and coma, these two "PHOBIAS" may be indicative of this disease
PHOTOPHOBIA (fear of light: best to keep the pt's room dark) and PHONOPHOBIA (fear of loud noises: best to keep the pt's room as quiet as possible)
Aside from serious potential complications in the skin (necrotizing), bones (osteomyelitis), joints, blood (bacteremia), & heart (endocarditis which can spread throughout the body, including to the brain), THIS deadly complication is the main cause of HAP and VAP
MRSA-caused PNEUMONIA, which rapidly progresses to sepsis, septic shock, and death. [Note: HAP stands for Hospital Acquired Pneumonia; VAP stands for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia]
Potential complications of C diff include (mention at least three)
Pseudomembranous colitis, toxic dilation of the colon, sepsis, bowel perforation, and death
Normally the primary infection is stopped by the body creating caseating granulomas around the TB bacilli, but RARELY the bacilli released into the blood may directly cause two very serious secondary conditions (name both)
MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS (which is when TB colonizes the blood) and EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (when TB infects organs outside the lungs including pleura, lymph nodes, kidneys, skin, joints, bones, meninges, and organs of the GU region)
Aside from REST and HYDRATION, treatment for influenza may include these general categories of pharmacological interventions
Analgesics, anti-pyretics, and anti-virals (e.g. oseltamivir phosphate/Tamiflu)
Risk factors for developing Meningitis include (list at least FIVE)