Flower
What is the name of the green leaves at the base of a flower, there role is to protect the bud?
sepal
What are the 6 key innovations that contributed to the green revolution?
Synthetic fertilizers, vitamin and nutrition supplements, antibiotics and vaccines, pesticides, irrigation, and hybrid crops
What is the difference between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition?
Intraspecific (within same species), Interspecific (different species)
What is golden rice?
A genetically modified type of rice with more beta-carotene creating a golden color, and making the rice have higher levels of Vitamin A making it more nutritious
What asexually reproduced plant is currently being affected by a pathogen/fungus which is wiping out the species and causing them to rot (panama Disease)
banana
Name the name of and the 2 different parts that make up the male part of the plant.
Male part -> Stamen
-anther, filament
What was the first pesticide produced? What was the issue with this pesticide?
DDT was developed in 1939 to control lice on soldiers in WWII, and then was developed into pesticides after the war. It's no longer used because it damaged bird eggs (bald eagle).
What symbiotic relationship involves individuals of 1 species benefitting, while those of the other species do no benefit but are also not harmed?
Commensalism
What does GMO stand for? How are they produced?
Genetically Modified Organism
Produced from the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology
What is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain?
carrying capacity
Name the name of and the 4 different parts that make up the female part of the plant.
Female part -> Carpel (pistil)
-stigma, style, ovary, ovule
What synthesizes ammonia from the fixation of nitrogen, relying on high temperature and high pressures, as well as hydrogen atoms taken from fossil fuels? This allowed for synthetic fertilizers to be produced on a large scale.
The Haber-Bosch process
What are lichen and what type of symbiotic relationship do they possess?
Lichens are a fungus and algae living together. The algae photosynthesize providing glucose for the fungus, while the fungus provides moisture, protection, and minerals for the algae. This is a mutually beneficial interaction between two individuals of 2 different species.
What is the difference between synthetic fertilizers and organic fertilizers?
Synthetic fertilizers feed the plant artificially produced nutrients such as NPK, while organic fertilizers add to the organic matter, feeding microorganisms, contributing to soil as well as plant nutrients
What is the special characteristic associated with seed germination of the manzanita tree?
The seeds of the manzanita tree will stay dormant until fire, the fire breakdowns the seed coat breaking seed dormancy and inducing germination
What is the difference between a multiple fruit and a aggregate fruit?
Multiple fruit → have many individual flowers/fruits that fuse together as the individual plant grows ex: pineapple
Aggregate fruit → one flower, two or more pistils (carpels) ex: blackberry
What are 3 food security considerations with livestock.
Requires land for food range (habitat loss for other purposes)
Disposal of waste poses logistic issues, especially with CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations)
Diseases spread quickly in concentrated populations
When species adapt to fit their own niche instead of fighting over the same resources ex: different types of warbler's residing in different parts of trees feeding on separate insects
What biotechnology is type of bacterial immune system (the antiviral defense system) that's really good at finding specific sequences of DNA, and cutting them out. It also has a wide variety of applications.
CRISPR/Cas-9
Describe 2 differences between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms →wind pollinated, have seeds in cones, evergreen trees
Angiosperms →insect pollinated, have flowers/fruit, more diverse
Describe the process of fertilization in plant reproduction.
A Bee lands on flower picks up pollen from anther → bee goes to another flower and pollen rubs off of bee, onto stigma → pollen will germinate and begin to form a pollen tube (if the species is correct) → pollen tube grows very quickly down style → two sperm cells travel down → one fertilizes egg creating a embryo, other becomes the endosperm (provides nutrients that help seedling grow) (double fertilization)
What are 3 food security/environmental considerations about pests and agriculture? What are 2 alternatives to maximize efficiency, and minimize environmental damage?
Monoculture fields are prime real estate for pests
May kill non-target or beneficial species
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
2 alternatives are:
Biological control → natural predators
Crop rotation/mixed planting → remove prime real estate
Explain the process of how the parasite malaria spreads.
A mosquito bites a malaria infected person, the parasite reproduces inside the mosquito, the mosquito bites a uninfected person, then the parasite migrates to the liver where it matures, and then infects the body with malaria and destroy the hosts red blood cells
Returning crop residues (using green manures and animal manure), manage soil fertility through crop rotation and cover crops, Organic feed, use no hormones to promote growth or antibiotics, livestock must have access to outdoors
What is the difference between logistic and exponential growth?
Exponential growth: assumes you always have infinite resources, population can continue to grow unrestrained
Ex: current human population (although it is beginning to slow)
Logistic growth: assumes there is not enough resources and a carrying capacity exists, population growth eventually will level out/plateau