Basics
The preferred terminology for an individual who exhibits stuttering behavior
What is person who stutters?
The causes of stuttering are believed to be due to these
What are genetic, developmental and environmental influences
Children predisposed to stuttering may have deficits in areas of the brain responsible for planning and production of speech and language skills so THIS should occur.
What is a speech and language evaluation?
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning and avoidant conditioning
What are types of learning?
This theory identifies environmental factors as the sole cause of stuttering by placing blame on the negative reactions of parents and other listeners by increasing the child’s awareness of their disfluencies? The Monster Study was used to test this theory.
What is Diagnosogenic Theory?
The three core behaviors of stuttering
What are repetitions, prolongations, blocks
One way that science confirms that genetic influence in stuttering is a major factor, with environmental influence being important but having a little less influence
What are twin studies
A relationship between difficult life events and this has been noted by many researchers
What is "the onset of stuttering"?
Using a cough to end a stutter is an example of what type of learning
What is operant conditioning?
A child may begin to stutter when there are too many demands placed on them and not many
supports
What is the capacity and demands theory?
The age when childhood-onset (developmental) stuttering most likely begins
What is 2-5 years
Slower auditory processing time, slower reaction times (sensorimotor processing), slightly less robust language processing
What have all been found in individuals who stutter?
This theory explains why the rapidly developing speech, language, and motor systems must compete for the brain’s limited neural resources
What is competition for neural resources?
Associating "speaking to a large audience" with stuttering is an example
What is classical conditioning?
Which hypothesis by Kolk and Postma is described below:
What is Covert Repair hypothesis?
Abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the flow of speech
What is stuttering?
Individuals who stutter have greater activity in this part of the brain
What is the right hemisphere
Reducing the linguistic load, reducing rate of speech, increasing one-on-one time with a parent does this
How do you create a fluency friendly environment for children?
Substituting easy words for ones that may be stuttered is an example of this?
What is avoidance behavior?
Children who manifest primary stuttering may develop _______ stuttering as social-emotional pressures increase (e.g., beginning school).
What is secondary?
Learned behaviors that are triggered by the experience of stuttering or the anticipation of it
What are secondary behaviors?
Studies have shown that children who stutter have greater _______. This may affect level of physical tension in stuttering and susceptibility to conditioning.
What is emotional reactivity?
The OG who stated that a specific cause cannot be pinpointed for the onset of most cases of stuttering?
Who is Charles Van Riper?
If a child stutters on a particular sound, this learning theory states that this sound may become ___________to elicit tension, and anticipation of saying the sound may elicit tension before they say it.
In which theory is the following proposed: –Stuttering may often develop in two stages.
–Primary stage is simpler disfluencies that are the result of how the brain handles speech and language production.
–Secondary stage is a more complex pattern that is the result of the child’s and environment’s reaction to disfluencies.
What is the two-stage model of stuttering?