Chapter One - Facts about stuttering
The basic speech behaviors of stuttering: repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
What are core behaviors?
These specific sensory-motor tracks within the brain are less dense in people who stutter
white matter
Developmentally, some children who stutter be advanced in language, but delayed in ___________, thus taxing the speech production system?
motor development
This theory of the cause of stuttering came about when Orton and Travis found many children who stutter started writing as left-handers and then were forced to write with their left hands. Name the theory that explain stuttering as caused by a brain imbalance.
What is lack of hemispheric dominance theory?
In this stage of stuttering, most children stutter less than 10% of the time and disfluencies are largely repetitions of whole words or phrases.
What is normal disfluency?
Give and example of a "stuttered-like disfluency" (there are several, just give one)
Repetition (more than 3 bounces), prolongation, block
Characteristics that occur only after a moment of stuttering has begun, and may include eye blinks, head nods, and interjections.
What are escape behaviors?
Before treatment, EEG and Brain imaging studies have shown high levels of activity in what part of the brain for PWS?
the Right hemisphere
This behavior/set up can create a stressful speaking situation for children who stutter (there are several, only need to list one).
What is competition for speaking, frequent interruptions, display speech, listener inattention, hurriedness, frequent questions, excited when speaking, many things to say. (a single one of these is fine).
In this theory, language unit (phoneme) planning, assembly, and production are interrupted causing stuttering to occur. What is the theory?
What is the covert repair hypothesis?
Increased pitch is often heard in a child with beginning stuttering and shows evidence of what pattern?
What are secondary behaviors?
Give an example of a NON-stuttered like (more typical) disfluency
Revisions, interjections, 2 or fewer bounces, whole word repetitions (2 or fewer bounces)
Ashley, an 18 month old child, replied “Cat....nn...de-de-de .... Coo-Coo-Cookie knocked the plant down. Then Coo-Coo- Coo-Coo-Cookie knocked the plant down.” This term is used to describe her primary core behavior.
What is repetitions?
PWS are slower or show more variability than fluent speakers in what type of non-speech tasks?
sensory processing; auditory processing; sensory motor control
In this type of learning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus and ultimately the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned physiological response in the person.
What is classical conditioning?
In this theory, it is believed that parents "mis diagnose" normal disfluency as stuttering. This mis-perception causes parents to change their response to the child's talking, which increases stuttered-like disfluencies and eventually stuttering.
What is the diagnosogenic theory?
In intermediate stuttering, a PWS often shifts from fear of stuttering to (what type of) conditioning?
What is avoidance?
Name three fluency enhancing conditions (there are several)
Delayed auditory feedback; Masking; Choral speech; Rhythmic speech; Singing; Speaking alone; Talking to young child or pet; Swearing; Talking while writing
Yairi and Ambrose (1999) followed a group of 84 children for a minimum of four years after the onset of their stuttering. What percentage of children had spontaneous or natural recovery of stuttering?
74 percent
Thinking about the impact of language factors on stuttering, name two word characteristics associated with increased stuttering?
What are longer words, words at beginning of sentence, nouns/verbs (vs. function words, esp for adults)?
This is something parents can do to REDUCE communication pressure for a child who stutters
What is use a slower speech rate, simplify language, decrease questions, decrease display speech, decrease interruptions?
In this theory, Bloodstein and colleagues explained that children who stutter often have some language or speech experiences that teach them "communication is difficult." High external expectations can also increase communication pressure, causing children to expect struggle with speaking.
What is the communication failure and anticipatory struggle theory?
If a PWS adopts a pattern of beginning each sentence with "well, uh..." this is what type of avoidance technique?
What is a starter?
What is the average age of onset for developmental stuttering?
2.8 years
_______ indicates how widespread a disorder is, and studies suggest _____% of people currently stutter.
_______ is an index of how many people have stuttered at some time in their lives, which is _______%.
Prevalence, 1%
Incidence, 5%
This type of temperament is somewhat associated with stuttering in children?
sensitive or reactive temperament
This is an example of a life factor often associated with onset of stuttering (there are several, just list one.)
What is divorce, move, death of family member, toilet training, changing schools, birth of sibling, etc.
In Guitar's theory of stuttering, the researchers propose two steps of stuttering behaviors, primary stuttering and secondary stuttering.
What is the integrated, two stage model of stuttering?
This word avoidance technique is when a PWS talks around the word they wish to say
What is circumlocution?
Jolene reads a passage 4 times and tends to stutterer on the same words. What is this pattern of stuttering called?
Consistency effect