Fluid and Electrolytes

Fluid Movement

100

Solutes shift from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; a form of passive transport because no energy is needed to make it happen.

What is DIFFUSION

200

Solutes move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration; process requires energy because it goes against the body's natural tendency to equalize concentrations. Energy used is ATP - adenosine triphosphate.

What is ACTIVE TRANSPORT

300

Refers to the movement of fluid across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration and comparatively more fluid into an area of higher solute concentration and comparatively less fluid; stops when enough fluid has moved through the membrane to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane.

What is OSMOSIS

400

The movement of fluids through capillaries results from blood pushing against the walls of the capillary.

What is CAPILLARY FILTRATION

500

Prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries no matter how much hydrostatic pressure is inside them.

What is REABSORPTION

Dietary Sources

100

Major dietary sources include: bread, cereals, and other grain products, chocolate, dried fruit, meat and fish, milk, nuts, fruits (ie: oranges, bananas, apricots, cantaloupe).

What is POTASSIUM

200

Major dietary sources include: butter, cheese, cold cuts, ketchup, margarine, nuts, processed foods.

What is SODIUM

300

Dietary sources include: cheese, dried beans, eggs, fish, milk products, nuts, seeds, organ meats.

What is PHOSPHORUS

400

Major dietary sources include: beans, bonemeal, dairy products, green leafy vegetables, legumes, molasses, and nuts.

What is CALCIUM

500

Major dietary sources include: chocolate, dry beans and peas, fruits such as: avocados, bananas, and kiwi, green vegetables such as: spinach.

What is MAGNESIUM

Nursing Assessment

100

History includes: abdominal cramps, anorexia, constipation, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, paresthesia, and polyuria. Physical assessment includes: decreased bowel sounds, hyporeflexia, orthostatic hypotension, and a weak, irregular pulse.

What is HYPOKALEMIA

200

History includes: anorexia, constipation, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, underlying cause, and weakness. Physical assessment: confusion, decreased muscle tone, hyporeflexia, and muscle weakness.

What is HYPERCALCEMIA

300

History includes: anorexia, decreased mental status, and nausea and vomiting. Physical assessment: abdominal spasm, conjunctivitis, hyperreflexia, hypocalcemic electrocardiogram changes, muscle weakness and cramps, papular eruptions, paresthesia, tetany, visual impairment, and + Chvostek's or Trousseau's signs.

What is HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA

400

History includes: abdominal cramps, altered level of consciousness, headache, muscle weakness and twitching, and nausea. Physical assessment: dry mucous membranes, orthostatic hypotension, poor skin turgor, rales or crackles, and a rapid, bounding pulse.

What is HYPONATREMIA

500

History includes: altered level of consciousness, anorexia, drowsiness, dysphagia, leg and foot cramps, nausea and vomiting. Physical assessment includes: cardiac arrhythmias, + Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, hypertension, muscle weakness, tremors, twitching, and tachycardia.

What is HYPOMAGNESEMIA

Replacement Therapy

100

Known as a plasma expander; may be prescribed if your patient's blood volume does not improve with crystalloids.

What is COLLOID

200

These crystalloid solutions are more highly concentrated than extracellular fluid; fluid moves into the bloodstream from the cells, causing the cells to shrink. Examples include: D5.45, D5.9, D5LR, and D10W.

What is HYPERTONIC

300

This crystalloid solution contains about the same concentration of osmotically active particles as extracellular fluid; fluid does not shift between the extracellular and intracellular areas. Examples include: D5W, NS, and LR.

What is ISOTONIC

400

These solutions are less concentrated than extracellular fluid. They move from the bloodstream into the cell, causing the cell to swell. Examples include: half-normal saline, 0.33% sodium chloride solution, and dextrose 2.5% in water.

What is HYPOTONIC

500

A large molecule that normally doesn't cross the capillary membrane. Examples include: albumin, plasma protein fraction, dextran, and hetastarch. Use of this is controversial.

What is COLLOID

Disorders Related To Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance

100

This is a chronic, progressive, inherited, incurable disease affecting exocrine (mucus-secreting) glands; genetic mutation that involves chloride transport across epithelial membranes. Death is typically from pneumonia, emphysema, or atelectasis. Physical assessment includes: barrel chest, cyanosis, clubbing of fingers and toes.

What is CYSTIC FIBROSIS

200

Excessive reabsorption of sodium and water and excessive renal excretion of potassium. Prevalence: most common between ages 30-50; three times more common in women than in men. Nursing interventions include: muscle twitching, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign), give potassium replacement, keep calcium gluconate available

What is HYPERALDOSTERONISM

300

Acid-base disturbance characterized by reduced alveolar ventilation, as shown by partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg (hypercapnia). Some causes include: airway obstruction, asthma, CNS trauma, and CNS-depressant drugs. Nursing diagnoses include: acute confusion, decreased cardiac output, and ineffective breathing pattern.

What is RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

400

Prevalence: affects 1% of people older than age 50, affects 10% of people older than age 80. Laboratory result indicates elevated b-type natriuretic peptide. Chest x-rays show increased pulmonary vascular markings, interstitial edema, or pleural effusion and cardiomegaly. Can be right-sided, left-sided, or both. Key outcomes include: maintaining adequate ventilation and fluid balance.

What is HEART FAILURE

500

This disorder may be acute or chronic. Complications include: gastric cancer, hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis. History includes: anorexia, coffee-ground emesis or melena with GI bleeding, cramping, epigastric discomfort, indigestion, nausea, and hematemesis. Physical assessment includes: abdominal distension, tenderness, guarding, grimacing, pallor, restlessness, tachycardia, hypotension, normoactive to hyperactive bowel sounds and possible normal appearance.

What is GASTRITIS