Sodium
What is the normal range for sodium?
135-145
What organ is responsible for excreting most of the body's potassium?
Kidneys through urine
What neuromuscular assessment is indicative of hypocalcemia with a positive result?
Tetany - Positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs (tell me how you assess these and what a positive result looks like)
Hypomagnesemia can cause what cardiac dysrhythmia?
V-fib
Why are older adults high risk for dehydration?
They have less total body water then young adults.
What are common cardiovascular changes in FVE (name at least 2)?
Bounding pulses (rate and quality), increased blood pressure, distended neck and hand veins (think JVD), weight gain
Complete this statement: Where sodium goes _____ follows.
Water
What are some manifestations of hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps
What neuromuscular assessment findings are indicative of hypercalcemia?
Decreased deep tendon reflexes
What would be a sign of magnesium toxicity when giving IV mag?
Prolonged PR interval on electrocardiogram
Fluid Volume Deficit occurs when a decrease in ________ and _______ results in a deficit of extracellular fluid (ECF).
Sodium and Water
What dietary changes should a client with FVE make?
Sodium and fluid intake restrictions
You are caring for a client diagnosed with hyponatremia (sodium <135). What would you expect to find when you assess the GI system?
Hyperactive bowel sounds and frequent stools.
What EKG changes would you watch for with hypokalemia?
U waves and Inverted T wave
Hypocalcemia increases the risk of _______________?
Osteoporosis - which places a client at risk for fractures of bones
Hypomagnesemia, you are at risk of cardiac dysrhythmias, especially in?
Myocardial infarction
What positions do you place the client in to obtain an orthostatic blood pressure?
Lying, sitting, and standing
What is the client receiving diuretic therapy at risk for?
Falls due to the increase in urination and urgency in urination. Fall prevention measures should be implemented when necessary.
Complications of severe hyponatremia include?
Confusion, seizures, and coma - monitor neurological status!
Name 3 foods high in potassium.
Tomatoes, bananas, and spinach
When caring for a client with hypercalcemia, the nurse knows that cardiovascular changes are the most serious and life-threatening. What does the nurse need to monitor regularly?
Heart rate and blood pressure, any indication of poor perfusion
When administering IV Magnesium what assessment should you do hourly?
Assess deep tendon reflexes
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure exerted by contraction of the heart.
What are some nursing measures the client should take with an FVE client? (name 2)
Daily weights, monitoring VS, assessing for edema, and heart and lung sounds.
Nutritional therapy for a client with hypernatremia would focus on what two things?
Adequate water intake, and decreased sodium intake with kidney problems.
What diuretic can lead to hypokalemia? (generic name)
Furosemide
What client group is at risk for chronic calcium loss?
Post menopausal women
Clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia are?
Muscle tremors, tetany with positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs, seizures, apathy, delirium, and cardiac dysrhythmias
What is diffusion?
Movement of solutes from an area of great concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
What are some adverse effects of diuretics? (name 2)
hypotension, dizziness, syncope, urinary frequency.