Fluid Regulation
What are the two different types of insensible water loss?
Water lost through expiration and through the skin.
Does blood hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys occur through an active or passive process?
Passive
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal.
List one function of the nasal conchae.
- To increase the respiratory mucosal surface area
- Enhance air turbulence
The most distal division of the small intestine is the:
Ileum
Is the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide mechaism is a positive or negative feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop.
What do Sertoli cells secrete?
Androgen-binding protein
A Type B + blood type will have what antibodies?
Anti-A antibodies
Speech is controlled by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of which cranial nerve?
CNX, the Vagus Nerve
What percentage of the large intestine is covered in villi?
0% - it's only microvilli!
List two ways that oedema can be caused.
- Increased fluid out of blood (such increased capillary hydrostatic pressure from incompetent valves)
- Decreased fluid returning to blood (such as in liver disease)
- Blocked lymph vessels
Potassium is secreted by which part of the nephron?
What is the function of desmosomes in the heart?
To prevent separation of cardiomyocytes.
What is the expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation.
The final breakdown products of carbohydrates are:
Monosaccharides
Antidiuretic hormone acts on which part of the nephron?
The collecting ducts of the kidneys.
Ovulation is triggered by an increased in which two hormones?
Luteinising Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
What is the formula for Stroke Volume?
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
How is oxygen transported in blood?
98.5% as oxyhaemoglobin
1.5% dissolved in plasma
Which cells secrete gastrin, and what does gastrin do?
- G cells
- Stimulates the release of gastric juice
- Increases gastric motility
What are the two stimuli of aldosterone release?
Increased potassium concentration and decreased body sodium content.
In the countercurrent multiplier, what happens after NaCl is pumped into the interstitial fluid?
Water is drawn out of the filtrate through the descending limb of the Loop of Henle
The isovolumetric contraction phase occurs at what point in the ECG wave?
QRS complex
What three capacities is the vital capacity made up of?
Tidal volume +
Inspiratory reserve volume +
Expiratory reserve volume
What does secretin do?
Causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice.