Body Fluid Composition
Older adult patients are predisposed to develop fluid volume deficit for which reasons? (SATA)
a. Decreased muscle mass
b. Decreased fat stores
c. Alterations in nutrition
d. Alterations in thirst
e. Diminished renal function
a. Decreased muscle mass
c. Alterations in nutrition
d. Alterations in thirst
e. Diminished renal function
What is the primary regulator of water intake?
a. Nervous system
b. Endocrine system
c. Renal system
d. Hypothalamus
d. Hypothalamus
Elevated temperature can cause fluid volume deficit through which process? (SATA)
a. Diaphoresis
b. Tachypnea
c. Vasoconstriction
d. Diarrhea
e. Increased metabolic rate
a. Diaphoresis
b. Tachypnea
e. Increased metabolic rate
Chloride levels closely follow the levels of which other electrolyte?
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. Mg++
Which statement is true regarding the use of phsyical assessment in diagnosing electrolyte abnormalities?
a. Physical assessment findings can point to a specific electrolyte problem
b. Physical assessment provides important clues to the presence of a general electrolyte problem
c. Most signs and symptoms of electrolyte problems are highly specific to each electrolyte
d. There is little correlation between physical signs and symptoms and electrolyte levels
b. Physical assessment provides important clues to the presence of a general electrolyte problem
What is the major function of tissue gel in the interstitial compartment?
a. Shift fluid out of capillaries
b. Provide a source of electrolytes
c. Distribute fluid evenly
d. Dispose of cellular waste products
c. Distribute fluid evenly
Which substance, released by the adrenal cortex, is known as the salt-regulating hormone?
a. ACTH
b. ADH
c. Aldosterone
d. Renin
During a physical assessment, it is noted the patient has pitting edema around the ankles, with 4 mm indentation that disappears in 10 seconds. How should this be documented?
a. 1+ pitting edema
b. 2+ pitting edema
c. 3+ pitting edema
d. 4+ pitting edema
Calcium is absorbed in the intestines under the influence of which nutrient?
a. Phosphorus
b. Vitamin D
c. Sodium
d. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin D
Which vital signs are most important to monitor in patient's with potential or actual electrolyte abnormalities? (SATA)
a. Temperature
b. Blood pressure
c. Respiratory rate
d. Heart rate
e. Heart rhythm
b. Blood pressure
d. Heart rate
e. Heart rhythm
Which statement is correct regarding low serum osmolality?
a. It reflects fluid volume deficit
b. It reflects fluid volume excess
c. It is associated with dehydration
d. It is associated with hypernatremia
b. It reflects fluid volume excess
When the hypothalamus senses a change in serum osmolality, it stimulates the posterior pituitary to release which substance?
a. Renin
b. Testosterone
c. ADH
d. ACTH
c. ADH
What is the normal BUN-to-Cr ratio?
a. 1:1
b. 1:5
c. 5:1
d. 10:1
d. 10:1
What is one cause of hyperkalemia?
a. Renal failure
b. Diuretics
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Severe diarrhea
a. Renal failure
Hypokalemia and hyponatremia have which neurological effects?
a. Confusion and lethargy
b. Irritability and coma
c. Disorientation and seizures
d. Hallucinations and tetany
a. Confusion and lethargy
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by which element?
a. Plasma proteins in the capillaries
b. Fluid in the interstitial spaces
c. Plasma proteins in the interstitial spaces
d. Fluid moving through the capillaries
d. Fluid moving through the capillaries
How is angiotensin II best characterized?
a. Diuretic
b. Vasoconstrictor
c. Thirst trigger
d. Sodium waster
b. Vasoconstrictor
An increased anion gap reflects which condition?
a. Increased serum osmolality
b. Increased renal excretion of sodium
c. Decreased excretion or increased production of acids
d. Inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
c. Decreased excretion or increased production of acids
Magnesium plays a role in which physiologic functions? (SATA)
a. Na+ and K+ transport
b. Nerve cell conduction
c. Fluid regulation
d. Energy transfer
e. Carbohydrate metabolism
a. Na+ and K+ transport
b. Nerve cell conduction
c. Fluid regulation
e. Carbohydrate metabolism
Urinary sodium is helpful in assessing which condition?
a. Chronic pancreatitis
b. Acute renal failure
c. Alcohol intoxication
d. GI bleeding
b. Acute renal failure