Stress
the force that acts on rock to change shape or volume
what is stress?
a break in the rock of Earth's crust
what is fault?
what is an Earthquake?
the formation of many volcanoes that rim the pacific ocean
what is the ring of fire?
lava that flows out gradually building a wide, gently sloping mountain
what is a shield volcano?
the pulling on crust, stretching rock so it becomes thinner in the middle
what is tension?
when forces pull rocks apart along a divergent boundary, block of rock moves slowly down
what is a normal fault?
what are seismic waves?
a string of islands created by volcanoes near boundaries where two oceanic plates collide and one sinks beneath the other
what is an island arc?
lava has high viscosity and produces ash, cinders, bombs which all build up around the vent in a steep, cone shaped hill or small mountain
what is a cinder cone volcano?
the squeezing of rock until it folds or breaks
what is compression?
when two blocks of a rock slide past each other in opposite directions (transform boundaries)
what is a strike-slip fault?
the point beneath Earth's surface where a rock under stress breaks to cause Earthquakes
what is focus?
what is a hot spot?
tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash
what s a composite volcano?
the pushing of a mass of rock in two opposite directions
what is shearing?
what is a reverse fault?
a point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
what is the epicenter?
describe the difference between a dormant volcano and an extinct volcano
dormant-not active but could become active
extinct-unlikely to erupt again
a high level area that has been built up over time from lava seeping out of several cracks then traveling a distance before cooling and solidifying
what is a lava plateau?
name one landform created from each category of stress
tension-mid-ocean ridge or continental rifts
compression-mountain ranges, ocean trenches, or volcanic arcs
shearing-transform faults or fault zones
describe the difference between a hanging wall and a foot wall
for a hanging wall the block of rock lies above the fault while for a foot wall is the block of rock that lies below the fault
describe each of the three types of waves
primary waves-move through solids and liquids, compressing and expanding the material they pass through temporarily changing the volume
secondary waves-travel through solids, temporarily change shape but not volume of material they pass through, slower than p-waves
surface waves-slower than both s-waves and p-waves, produces severe ground movement with a wave like motion
what are the five parts of a volcano and what do they do
magma chamber-pocket where magma collects
pipe-tube that connects magma chamber to Earth's surface
vent-smaller opening where magma leaves volcano
lava flows-area covered by lava as it flows
crater-bowl shaped area around central vent
a huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain
what is a caldera?