Types of Stress & Faults
This type of stress pulls rocks apart
Tension
These are the first seismic waves to arrive after an earthquake
P waves
This bowl-shaped feature forms around a volcano’s central vent
Crater
Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface is called this
Magma
The name of the volcanic belt circling the Pacific Ocean.
Ring of Fire
The stress that pushes rock in opposite horizontal directions
Shearing
These waves arrive second and cannot travel through liquids
S waves
A tall, cone-shaped volcano formed from alternating lava and ash layers.
A long tube that connects the magma chamber to the surface.
Pipe
This process occurs when rocks are broken down by wind, water, or biological activity without changing their chemical composition.
Physical (or mechanical) weathering
A break in the rock where one block slides over another
Fault
The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks, triggering an earthquake
Focus
This wide, gently sloping volcano forms from thin, runny lava
Shield volcano
Volcanic belts often form along these
Plate boundaries
The energy from magma heating groundwater creates this alternative energy source
Geothermal energy
In a normal fault, this is the rock that lies below the fault
Footwall
The scale currently most commonly used to measure earthquake magnitude
Moment Magnitude Scale
The volcanic landform left behind when a volcano’s magma hardens in its pipe
Volcanic neck
This volcanic feature forms from converging oceanic plates.
Island arc
The life stage of a volcano that might awaken again in the future
Dormant
This type of fault is caused by shearing and results in horizontal motion
Strike-slip fault
The minimum number of seismograph stations needed to locate an earthquake's epicenter.
Three
A volcano that is unlikely to erupt again is called this
Extinct
High-silica magma results in this type of eruption.
Explosive
This type of fault occurs when rocks are pulled apart by tension forces, causing the hanging wall to move downward relative to the footwall
Normal fault