Early Alchemy
A gas that was (wrongly) thought to be released from compounds when burned; although was later discovered to be false by Lavoisier, it was still an important discovery about how gases behave
What is phlogiston?
Ways to tell if a chemical reaction has taken place without knowing the chemical structures of the substances you are working with
1. Change in temperature
2. Formation of a precipitate (solid)
3. Formation of a gas (bubbling, fizzing)
This law states that matter is not created or destroyed in chemical reactions (no new atoms are created and no atoms are lost in the reaction); it was discovered by Lavoisier in 1789
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
A sub-atomic particle in the atom's nucleus; has a positive charge
What is a proton?
The vertical columns in the Periodic Table
What are groups?
The motivation behind most early alchemists' experiments
What is to create gold?
A chemical reaction that requires more energy to break the bonds of the original reactants than to create the new bonds in the products, and therefore, releases heat as a product of the reaction
What is a exothermic reaction?
By experimenting with Voltaic piles, he discovered that atoms have an electric charge; he was also brave enough to inhale nitrous oxide without really knowing what it was!
Who is Humphry Davy?
A sub-atomic particle in the atom's nucleus; has a neutral charge
What is a neutron?
The horizontal rows in the Periodic Table
Elements that were discovered prior to the 1600s? (name one)
What are: gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), carbon (C), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), sulfur (S), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), Antinomy (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and zinc (Zn)?
A chemical reaction that requires less energy to break the bonds of the original reactants than to create the new bonds in the products, and therefore, absorbs energy (heat) from the surroundings
What is an endothermic reaction?
This law states that a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass; was discovered by Joseph Proust
What is the Law of Definite Proportions?
A sub-atomic particle that travels around the nucleus on different shells, or rings; has a negative charge
What is an electron?
Number of electrons an element in group 13 (we marked as group 3) has in the outer shell
What is 3?
The four "elements" early alchemists believe existed (name two)
What are earth, fire, water, and air?
Substances that we start with in a chemical reaction; will be on the left side of the arrow when we notate experiments
What are reactants?
This scientist built on the ancient understanding of atoms, and contributed greatly to atomic theory, discovering that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, and that atoms of the same element are identical while atoms of different elements have different properties
Who is John Dalton?
An atom that has a different number of neutrons than protons; an element can have several of these
What is an isotope?
Number of electron "parking spots" the first electron shell has
What is 2?
This early scientist laid the groundwork of chemistry by believing that all compounds are made from a combination of the elements (even though he got the elements wrong); he also was an incredible biologist that we've been reading about!
Who is Aristotle?
Substances that are created in a chemical reaction; will be on the right side of the arrow when we notate the experiment
What are products?
This Russian chemist built on Newland's Periodic Table, improving it by leaving spaces for not-yet-discovered elements; he is also known as the "Father of the Periodic Table"
Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?
The number that is found in the upper left hand corner of the element; tells us the number of protons in an atom of that element
What is the atomic number?
Group number of the noble gases, the most stable elements on the Periodic Table
What is group 18 (also would accept group 8 because we marked it as such)?