Neoplasia
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is characterized by a mutation of this gene, and leads to a higher incidence of cancer due to low tumor suppressor function.
p53 - tumor suppressor gene.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease has a deficiency in a subunit of this enzyme, leading to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections.
NADPH oxidase
Catalase (+) infection susceptibilty. Lack of respiratory burst.
This chemotherapeutic agent stabilizes microtubules and prevents their depolymerization, arresting cells in mitosis.
Paclitaxel
Lookout for neuropathy as side effect
Mac is a 15 year old boy that has had meningitis 3 times in his life. Deficiency of this maybe had something to do with his infections!
Membrane attack complex (MAC) - Also acceptable: Any C5-C9 complement protein
Neisseria susceptibility
This receptor is on the plasma membrane of phagocytes and binds to fructose and mannose on surface of pathogens - important in fungal immunity.
CLR - C-type Lectin Receptor
A patient receives 5 Gy of full body radiation (yikes, maybe a little too much). They are most likely to die as a result of this radiation syndrome.
Hematopoetic - May have sepsis and infection due to bone marrow failure, and death occurs in about 2-3 weeks.
This intracellular structure forms when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, creating an acidic, enzyme-rich compartment that destroys engulfed pathogens.
Phagolysosomes
Bacteria are smart, and have adapted mechanisms to resist antibiotic use. Name one possible mechanism bacteria use to confer resistance to antibiotics.
1.Enzymatic destruction or
modification of the antibiotic
2.Expression of membrane efflux pumps
that push antibiotics out of the cell.
3.Mutation or enzymatic modification
of the antibiotic’s binding site
4.Altered porin expression that limits an antibiotic's entry into the bacterium
NK cells utilize Fc receptor - antibody binding interactions to release perforin and granzymes in this process to kill opsonized pathogens.
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
A 64-year-old woman presents with a fever and lobar pneumonia symptoms in her right lung. You are concerned she may have an infection with a common gram-negative rod. What antibiotic would you give?
Cefepime - 4th gen cephalosporin with pseudomonas activity.
Other options; piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem
A 24 year-old-man who recently immigrated to the USA is seen in clinic and complains of shortness of breath and has a rash on his arm. On PE, you hear a 3/6 holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla. You suspect that he may have been infected with this bug as a child. Bonus: What is the antigen on this bug that caused this presentation?
Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
Bonus: M protein is the antigen that mimics myosin in the heart