Foundations of Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
What is Epidemiology?
A person in a population who has been identified as having a particular disease, disorder, injury, or condition
What is a Case?
An inanimate object that can harbor an infectious agent and is capable of being a means of transmission
What is Fomite?
The uninterrupted and immediate transfer of an infectious agent from one person to another
What is Direct Transmission?
Preventing a disease or disorder before it happens
What is Primary Prevention?
The occurrence of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy in a community or region
What is Epidemic?
A standard set of criteria that ensures cases are consistently diagnosed
What is Case Definition?
Contains, spreads, or harbors an infectious organism
What is Carrier?
Occurs when an agent is transferred or carried by some intermediate item, organism, means, or process to a host, resulting in disease
What is Indirect Transmission?
Requires behavior change in the individual
Involves characterization of the distribution of health-related states or events
What is Descriptive Epidemiology?
The first disease case in the population
What is Primary Case?
An invertebrate animal that transmits infection by conveying the infectious agent from one host to another
What is Vector?
Occurs when droplets or dust particles carry the pathogen to the host and cause infection
What is Airborne Transmission?
Aimed at the health screening and detection activities used to identify disease
What is Secondary Prevention?
Involves finding and quantifying associations, testing hypotheses, and identifying causes of health-related states or events
What is Analytic Epidemiology?
The first disease case brought to the attention of the epidemiologist
What is Index Case?
The habit in (living or nonliving) in or on which an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies, and on which it depends for its survival in nature
What is Reservoir?
Occurs when an arthropod conveys the infectious agent
What is Vector-Borne Transmission?
Any attempt to restore an afflicted person to a useful, productive, and satisfying lifestyle
What is Rehabilitation?
Occurs when victims of a common-source epidemic have person-to-person contact with others and spread the disease, resulting in a propagated outbreak
What is Mixed Epidemic?
An individual (or a group of individuals) who has all the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition but has not been diagnosed as having the disease or has the cause of the symptoms connected to a suspected pathogen
What is Suspect Case?
An infectious organism in vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, a fomite, or a vector
What is Zoonosis?
When the pathogen undergoes changes as part of its life cycle while within the host/vector and before being transmitted to the new host
What is Biological Transmission?
Limiting any disability by providing rehabilitation when a disease, injury, or disorder has already occurred and caused damage
What is Tertiary Prevention?