Nursing History
Name a belief from the first Nightingale training school for nursing curriculum.
Nurses should identify and meet patients’ needs, be taught by nurses, continue education. Nursing should include nutrition, fresh, clean air, and be directed toward health and illness.
Name 1 biologic theory and 1 psychosocial theory to the aging process.
Biologic clock, Free-radical theory, Wear-and-tear theory, Immune system failure theory, Autoimmune theory
Disengagement theory, Activity theory, Continuity theory
How is dementia and confusion different?
Dementia is generally permanent with a slow onset.
Name a type of Delivery of Nursing Care.
Functional Nursing, Team Nursing, Total patient care, and Primary Nursing
Name the stages of prevention to illness.
Primary prevention- Avoid or delay occurrence of a disease or disorder
Secondary prevention- Follow screening guidelines for easily treated diseases if found early or detecting disease return
Tertiary prevention -Rehabilitation measures after disease/disorder has stabilized
How do nurses use evidence-based practice in nursing?
To use the best research science and evidence to guide clinical decision-making to determine “best practices”
Describe the difference between cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity.
Cultural awareness: Knowledge of various cultural beliefs and values
Cultural sensitivity: Respecting the culture, Refraining from using offensive language, Respecting patterns of communication, Refraining from speaking in ways that are disrespectful of a person’s cultural beliefs
Name a technique that can be used to enhance effective communication with a client who has a hearing deficit.
Encourage wearing hearing aid
Face the patient and speak clearly
Observe facial expressions for feedback
Speak in the person’s good ear if possible
Encourage wearing glasses (some patients read lips)
Keep environmental noise to a minimum
Provide pad and pencil helpful if messages are unclear
Describe 1 requirement of critical thinking.
Requires careful judgment ◦Directed, purposeful, mental activity ◦Creating and evaluating ideas, analyzing data, anticipating problems◦
Uses expansive thinking ◦Reflecting on experience ◦Constructing plans
Name a type of legal violations a nurse can be charge with and what the violation means.
Negligence – failing to meet the standard of care. Malpractice – negligence by a professional person.
What is the purpose of the Standards of Nursing Practice?
Provides a basic model to measures and evaluate practice to ensure the delivery of safe, knowledgeable nursing care.
Name 1 of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adult stage
Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adult stage
Ego Integrity vs. Despair Older adult stage
This term refers to an "acute confusion state that can occur suddenly or over a long period as a result of an underlying biologic cause or psychological stressor"
what is delirium
Name one goal the Nursing Process intend to accomplish
•Organizes and deliberate a systematic way to deliver nursing care • Provides a way to implement caregiving • Combines science and art of nursing • Focuses nurse on the patient as an individual
Describe what ethical principles in nurses are.
A conduct and rules agreed upon by a particular group believed to be morally right.
Ethics differ from laws in that they are voluntary.
Ethical violation may result in disciplinary action by the regulating group
This is a tendency for the body's biological system drive to maintain stability of the internal environment.
What is homeostasis
Name a type of psychosocial approaches for Cognitive Impairment, such as validation therapy.
Psychosocial approaches
Reality orientation, Validation therapy, Reminiscence, Remotivation therapy, Resocialization, Family Support
The nurse is assisting a client with Alzheimer's Disease with their meal. Name a risk the nurse should be considering and how to decrease the risk.
Difficulty swallowing- thicken client's liquids, small bites, chew well, small amounts of fluids to prevent risk of choking
What type of Health Care System...enrolls patients for a set fee per month, provides limited network of providers and hospitals with the goal to keep patients healthy and out of the hospital?
Answer: Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) offer discount on fees in return for large pool of potential patients and allows insurance companies to keep premium rates lower and make insurance coverage of employees less expensive for employers
What are the stages to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Alarm stage-Fight or flight, body reacts to the stress
Stage of resistance- Body battles for equilibrium by resisting and compensating
Stage of exhaustion-Stressors continue beyond body’s capacity, can’t fight anymore, and is susceptible to death and disease
What is one common goal of nursing?
To promote wellness, restore health, prevent illness, facilitate coping
Name the 4 stages of Schaie’s Theory of Cognitive Development.
Achievement stage-Cognitive stage
Responsibility stage-Concerned with real-life problems
Executive sub-stage-Responsible for major corporations or the country
Reintegrative Stage-older adult is more selective in how they spend their time
Name a technique to use with a confused, continent, older adult to maintain continence.
Assist client to the toilet at regular intervals
Name the Stages of Illness
Transition stage- May deny feeling ill, but recognize symptoms of illness are present
Acceptance stage- Acknowledge illness and take measures to become well
Convalescence stage -Recovering after the illness and regaining health to resume usual roles and responsibilities
Name 2 types of legal issues a nurse could be charge with?
Assault – the threat to harm another or to threaten to touch another without permission.
Battery – physical contact carried out against a person’s will.
Defamation – making untrue remarks about another person & damaging their reputation.
Invasion of privacy – a violation of the confidential & privileged nature of a professional relationship.
False Imprisonment – each person has the right to move about in an institution or health care facility or leave the facility at will.