Intro to Psychology
What is the definition of psychology?
The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.
Which perspective focuses on learning and reinforcement?
Behaviorism
Which type of psychologist treats mental illness and can prescribe medication in some states?
Clinical Psychologist/ Psychiatrist
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Ask a question / form a hypothesis.
Research that manipulates variables and has a control group is what type?
Experimental
Which ethical principle protects participants’ private information?
Confidentiality
Name a well-known experimental example of classical conditioning.
Pavlov's Dog Experiment, Little Albert, etc.
This perspective looks at thought/ brain processes like memory and problem-solving.
Cognitive
Which subfield studies how people change across the lifespan?
Developmental Psychology
In an experiment, the factor being manipulated is called what?
Independent Variable
An in-depth study of one individual is called a what?
Case Study
Who is responsible for approving human participants in research?
Instituional Review Board (IRB).
Which neurotransmitter is associated with motor behavior, attention, and emotional regulation/ arousal?
Dopamine
This perspective seeks to understand human behavior by examining how it has been shaped by natural selection and adaptation over time.
Evolutionary
A psychologist who applies psychological principles to legal cases, such as crime.
Forensic/ Criminal Psychologist
If stress levels increase as sleep decreases, what kind of relationship is this?
Negative Correlation/ Inverse Relationship
What does it mean to operationalize a variable?
To define a variable (of a latent nature) in such a way so that it could be observed in research.
After using deception, researchers must explain the study in a process called what?
Debriefing
Who was Phineas Gage? What ability did his experience reveal about the brain?
Phineas Gage was a man who was struck with an iron rod, passing through his brain damaging areas such as the pre-frontal cortex. His experience revealed the brain's feature of neuroplasticity.
Which perspective studies unconscious drives and internal conflicts?
Psychodynamic
A psychologist who studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
Social Psychologist
What is a Null Hypothesis?
A statement describing no found effects between variables.
What is the difference between Basic and Applied Research?
Basic research is research done to broaden the knowledge in a specifc area. Applied research is research done to address a specific problem.
True or False: All research that causes physiological harm is unethical.
False, it is the responsilbity of the IRB to decide whether the benefits outweigh the potential harms.
Define and give an example of Stereotype Threat.
Stereotype Threat is the fear that one's actions will confirm a negative stereotype, leading to anxiety and poorer performance. Examples: Women & Math Test, Black Students & Test Scores, etc.
Which perspective emphasizes personal growth and free will?
Humanistic
Which type of psychologist studies workplace behavior and productivity?
Industrial/ Organizational Psychologist
The idea that psychology relies on observation and evidence is called what?
Empiricism
What is observer bias? And name one way to mitigate this bias.
Observer bias is when the expectations of the experimenter influences the observations being made. One way to mitigate this bias is by conductiing a double-blind experiment.
In the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, researchers did not tell participants that they had syphilis. Which ethical principle does this violate?
This violates the Respect for Humans principle.