Key Terms and Vocab
This device was used to execute thousands during the Reign of Terror.
What is the guillotine?
This radical leader led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
Napoleon overthrew this government in 1799 to become First Consul.
What is the Directory?
Napoleon’s 1812 campaign failed in this country due to scorched-earth tactics and harsh winter.
What is Russia?
The document stating “men are born free and equal in rights,” The Declaration of Rights of Man, was created by this governing body in 1789.
What is the National Assembly?
Members of the working class who wore long trousers instead of breeches and pushed the Revolution to become more radical.
Who are the sans-culottes?
The Reign of Terror resulted in about this many executions.
What is 17,000?
Napoleon’s agreement with the Catholic Church to restore some peace with religion in France.
What is the Concordat of 1801?
The final defeat of Napoleon occurred at this 1815 battle.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
Napoleon’s civil code guaranteed civil rights regardless of this.
What is social class?
The French civil code introduced in 1804 that guaranteed equality before the law and abolished feudalism.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
The Reign of Terror ended with this event in 1794.
What is the execution of Robespierre?
Napoleon’s reforms included promoting equality before the law and protecting private property; these reforms were part of this code.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
This 1814–1815 meeting of European leaders aimed to restore order and prevent future revolutions.
What is the Congress of Vienna?
The Finance Minister in 1774 suggested reforms to fix this problem with France's finances.
What is the debt crisis/deficit spending?
This legislative body represented the three estates in pre-revolutionary France.
What is the Estates-General?
The radical government that replaced the Legislative Assembly and abolished the monarchy.
What is the National Convention?
Napoleon strengthened France’s central government, built infrastructure, and expanded public education to create a new class of citizens known as this.
Who are Men, Citizens, and Frenchmen?
This system was Napoleon’s attempt to economically weaken Britain by closing European ports to British goods.
What is the Continental System?
In the 1805 government official instructions, officials were told to focus on trade, agriculture, and education rather than being influenced by the memory of this event.
What is the Reign of Terror?
A direct vote by the people that Napoleon used to appear democratic while maintaining absolute power.
What is a plebiscite?
This social class made up the majority of France’s population and bore most of the tax burden under the Old Regime.
What is the Third Estate?
Napoleon used this strategy to gain popular support while keeping absolute control of France.
What is holding plebiscites/direct votes?
After Napoleon’s defeat, these four nations formed the Quadruple Alliance to maintain peace in Europe.
Who are Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain?
An enduring theme students can connect to these documents is this type of lasting issue, which appears in debates over who should hold authority.
What is power/governance/conflict?