Vocabulary
What is the name of a member of the radical political club/party that led the Reign of Terror?
Jacobin
What were some of the economic troubles France was facing before the Revolution?
High taxes; rising cost of living; rising bread prices; heavy debt (spending by monarchs, involvement in the American Revolution)
Who was the leader of the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
What organization/institution did Napoleon gain experience through as he grew up?
The army/military
What type of government did the French Revolution overthrow?
Monarchy
What is the word for the forcible closing of ports to prevent trade and communication between countries?
Blockade
Which groups did each of the Three Estates represent?
First Estate: Clergy (Church)
Second Estate: Nobles
Third Estate: Everyone else (middle class, urban lower class, peasants)
What was used to execute people during the Reign of Terror?
The guillotine
What was Napoleon's coup d'état?
He returned from his Egypt expedition and quickly seized power as the Directory had lost control. He surrounded the national legislature and named himself "first consul", taking on the powers of a dictator
What two important French people were executed by the guillotine?
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
What is the word for the government-run public schools set up by Napoleon to provide the government with trained officials
Lycées
Why was the Third Estate upset about the meeting of the Estates-General?
They thought all Three Estates should meet together and that each delegate should get a vote (instead of meeting separately and having each Estate get a vote)
What was the goal of the Reign of Terror?
To protect the Revolution from its enemies
What was the Napoleonic Code?
A uniform system of laws for France that actually limited people’s freedom and individual rights
What was one Enlightenment ideal that was important to the French Revolution?
Individual rights; democracy; equality; property rights; separation of church and state
What is the word for the agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope that recognized the influence of the Church?
Concordat
What did the Third Estate pledge to do in the Tennis Court Oath?
Stay (in the indoor tennis court) until they drew up a new constitution for France
What happened to Robespierre?
He was growing increasingly unpopular and members of the National Convention (French government) turned on him and he was executed
What was the purpose of Napoleon's Continental System?
To make continental Europe more "self-sufficient" and to hurt Britain's economy and influence
Besides the Reign of Terror, what was another part of the French Revolution that contributed to the high death tolls in France?
Napoleonic Wars (soldiers dying fighting against European allies)
What is the name for the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution?
Émigrés
What was the name of the prison that a Parisian mob stormed as they looked for gunpowder and weapons to defend the city against King Louis?
The Bastille
How many people were killed during the Reign of Terror?
Around 40,000 killed (17,000 officially executed)
Why was Napoleon's invasion of Russia a mistake?
Russia's retreat and scorched-earth policy; snow/climate; attacks from Russian raiders; exhaustion and hunger; significant loss of life
What was the motto of the French Revolution?
Liberté, égalité, fraternité