The Glamour of American Cities
Since the city was growing outward across the land, what other direction ddi it go in?
It also spread upward
Who suffered the most from Tuberculosis?
Infants
During which period did immigration to the United States reach its peak?
Between 1880 and 1920
What were the 2 primary sources of wealth for corrupt city leaders?
The use of public tax money and bribes from the business sector.
Which religious groups saw their numbers grow significantly due to the rise in immigration?
Roman Catholic churches, Eastern Orthodox churches, and Jewish synagogues.
Who was the foremost designer of the modern skyscraper?
Louis Sullivan
What were the diseases that went through these slums?
Cholera, Yellow Fever, and Tuberculosis.
What was the name of the restrictive policy pushed by nativists in 1882?
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
How was voter fraud commonly practiced by members of a political machine?
Members would "vote early and often" by traveling to multiple polling places to cast illegal votes.
What 2 movements were affected by church activism?
The temperance movement and the settlement house movement
What building began construction in St. Louis, 1861?
The Wainwright Building
Why did crime increase among the urban poor?
Poverty forced people to turn to theft and violence.
Which 7 nationalities were part of the "new groups" arriving during the Gilded Age?
Greek, Italian, Polish, Slovak, Serb, Russian, and Croat.
How did political bosses ensure they remained in power at the neighborhood level?
They rewarded local neighborhood leaders with city jobs in exchange for their followers loyalty.
How did preachers become more politically active?
They began connecting church teachings to modern social problems.
The critical invention leading to the development of small holdings was what and who developed it?
The fast elevator and Elisha Otis
What were the 5 words often used to describe the daily realities of millions of urban Americans?
Slums, crime, overcrowding, pollution, and disease
Why did many Jewish immigrants come to America during this time?
They were seeking freedom from increased persecution and torment.
What were the 6 most common demands placed on city leaders during the Gilded Age?
Better sewers, cleaner water, new bridges, more efficient transport, improved schools, and suitable aid to the sick and needy.
Why were urban Protestant churches seeing fewer people in their pews despite the growing population?
Many working class people were losing faith in their local churches.
What was Louis Sullivan's motto and what does it mean?
"Form Follows Function" and it means that the purpose of a structure was to be shown in elegance.
What role did vices like gambling and alcoholism play in city life?
They provided a false sense of hope or escape.
What were the primary reasons some Americans resisted the increase of immigration?
Economic, religious, and racial anxieties.
Why was the position of Mayor described as chaos?
Mayors faced an overwhelming list of public demands while lacking the necessary money and staff to actually address them.
Why do historians refer to this era as the "Third Awakening"?
Like the first two awakenings, this period was defined by revival and reform.