Hormones & Fuel Regulation
Which hormone generally lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage?
What is Insulin.
What fat-soluble vitamin is synthesized in the skin with UV exposure and is important for calcium regulation and bone health?
Vitamin D.
Which type of fat should generally predominate in a hearth-healthy diet?
Unsaturated fats, especially monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
Which muscle fiber type is generally most fatiuge-resistant?
Type 1 (Slow-twitch).
What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in skeletal muscle?
Glycogen.
Which hormone increases during exercise and promote glycogen breakdown?
Catecholamines -- primarily epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Why should excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins be approached cautiously?
They can be stored in the body and accumulate to toxic levels.
What happens to LDL-C and HDL-C with trans-fat intake?
LDL-C increases and HDL-C decreases.
Which fiber type generally has the greatest glycolytic capacity?
Type 2 fibers, especially fast glycolytic type 2x fibers.
What generally happens to muscle glycogen when carbohydrate intake increases appropriately.
Glycogen stores can increase, especially with adequate recovery and exercise.
What happens to insulin during exercise?
What mineral is important for ATP-related reactions, muscle/nerve function, and other enzymes?
Magnesium.
What organ plays a major role in cholesterol synthesis?
The liver.
Which fivers types tend to produce more lactate during high-intensity glycolytic exercise?
Fast-twitch type 2 fibers.
Why can carbohydrate timing matter for performance?
Carbohydrate availability helps maintain blood glucose and glycogen availability, supporting high-intensity exercise.
What process breaks glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate/glucose units?
Glycogenolysis.
Where do vitamins and minerals primarily come from?
Food, and for some nutrients, endogenous synthesis or sunlight exposure (vitamin D).
After a carbohydrate-containing meal, what hormone promotes Triglyceride synthesis and storage?
Insulin.
How quickly a muscle or system loses its ability to maintain force or power during activity.
What happens to blood glucose during prolonged exercise if hepatic glucose production cannot match glucose use?
Blood glucose can fall.
Why is blood glucose regulation kept within a narrow range?
The brain and other tissues depend on a stable glucose supply, while excessive or inadequate glucose can impair normal function.
What does the RDA represent?
The Recommended Dietary Allowance: the average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient needs.
What happens to triglyceride synthesis after a meal when insulin is elevated?
Insulin promotes glucose uptake, provides substrates for fat synthesis, suppresses lipolysis, and favors triglyceride storage.
Why can trained muscle oxidize more fat during submaximal exercise?
Training increases mitochondrial density, oxidative enzymes, capillarization, and fatty-acid transport/oxidation capacity.
How does post-exercise feeding facilitate blood glucose transport into muscle?
Exercise increases insulin-independent glucose transport, and post-exercise insulin plus increased insulin sensitivity further promote GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake and glycogen restoration?? (FACT CHECK)