Inflammation
These are the signs of inflammation.
What are:
Rubor/redness, Tumor/swelling, Calor/heat, Dolor/pain, Functio Laesa/loss of function
1) Rubor - Increased blood flow.
2) Tumor - Build-up of fluid.
3) Calor - Rubor, tumor, and inflam mediators
4) Dolor - Stretching of pain receptors and nerves
5) Functio Laesa - Disruption of tissue structure (fibroplasia & metaplasia)
MHC I and II are recognized by which T cell types, respectively.
MHC I = Cytotoxic T cell
MHC II = Helper T cell
These are the two primary lymphoid organs.
Bonus: Where do B and T cells mature.
What are the activation pathways of the complement system. Describe them briefly.
1) Classical - Triggered by formation of aB-aG compl.
2) Alternative - complement binds to pathogen and tags it for destruction.
3) Lectin - MBL binds to a sugar and eventually activated C3 convertase
What are: IgG/M/A/D/E
These are the systemic functions of inflammation driving cytokines (i.e. IL-1, TNF).
Extra: What is the function of CRP?
What is:
Hypothalamus = induce fever via arachidonic acid pathway.
Liver = acute phase proteins to fight infection (e.g. C reactive protein, serum amyloid A, complement, ferritin, albumin)
Myeloid progenitor:
1) Dendritic
2) Monocyte
3) Macrophage
4) Neutrophil
5) Basophil/mast
6) Eosinophil
Lymphoid Progenitor:
1) NK cells
These type of T cells recognise MHC Class II.
What is: CD4+ or T-helper.
These are the three main functions of the complement system.
Bonus: Which complement proteins are used for each.
1) Release of inflammatory mediators
2) Opsonization of pathogens
3) MAC
These are the two critical enzymes required to form peroxinitrite in respiratory burst.
What are: NO synthase and NADPH oxidase.
Bonus: What chromosome are these on.
What are:
HLA = human leukocyte antigen genes
MHC I = HLA A / B / or C
MHC II = HLA DP / DQ / or DR
These are the 3 checkpoints in T cell development.
1) Do you have TCR
2) Can you recognise self-MHC (+ selection)
3) Can you recognise self-antigen (- selection)
These interferons are used to activate phagocytes.
And give an example of a colony stimulating factor and a chemokine
IL- 1 and TNF
Type 2 (gamma)
GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage), G-CSF (granulocyte)
IL8, rantes
Of the many effector functions of IgM, complement activation is one of them. What pathway of complement activation is this and what complement protein binds to the antibody.
What is: The classical pathway and C1q.
These are examples of 3 mechanisms of resolution of acute inflammation.
What are:
1) Macrophages go from M1 --> M2 (anti-inflamm.)
2) Release of inhibitory cytokines (IL-10 & TGF-B)
3) Lipid mediators switch to make anti-inflamm lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins
These are the two main methods of preventing graft rejection.
Bonus: How does graft rejection occur.
What are: HLA typing and immunosuppressive drugs.
These types of pathogens stimulate differentiation of CD4+ to Th-17 and what cytokines do they release.
What is: Extracellular microbe; IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22
Give examples of 3 complement deficiencies and what they can cause.
Bonus: Give an example of a complement inhibitor
C3 deficiency - pyogenic infections
Terminal Path deficiency - lack of MAC --> neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoea
Deficiency in early components = SLE (decreased bacterial clearance)
Overactivation = hereditary angioedema due to deficiency in complement inhibitors
Bonus: C4 binding protein (C4-bp), inhibits the activity of the classical C3 convertase
Woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells. This can lead to haemolytic anemia in the baby. What type of antibodies are these?
What is: IgG
This test is used to check for Chronic Granulomatous Disease.
What is: Nitroblue tetrazolium test - WBC are blue if NADPH oxidase is working (i.e. phagocytosis is functioning)
Give an example of 3 types of inflammatory mediators and their role.
Bonus: Where are they made.
Lipid - Prostaglandin; endothelial cells; vasodilation
Cytokine - IL-1; resident and recruited macrophages; activation, permeabilisation, systemic, etc.
Chemokine - IL-8; damaged cells and immune cells; chemoattractant and adhesion
These are the inhibitory receptors found on T cells (responsible for maintaining T cell homeostasis).
What are:
Pd-1 (programmed cell death protein-1).
CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein).
They suppress T cell activity.
What is the function of CD59.
Bonus: What inhibits the classical pathway.
CD-1 inhibitor.
These are the 3 immune cells that bind the Fc-y and their functions include:
What are: Macrophages (phagocytosis), dendritic cells (phagocytosis), and NK cells (ADCC).