Bones & Joints
Name any 5 major joints in the body that is involved in movement.
neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, vertbral column, hip, knee, ankle, toes
In knee extension, the antagonist is…
A. Quadriceps B. Hamstrings C. Gastrocnemius D. Deltoids
B. Hamstrings
Quadriceps contract to straighten the knee in a kick. Is this force on the athlete Internal (A) or External (B)?
Internal
A sprinter runs 100 m in 10 s. What is her average speed?
10 m/s
Compare how Newton’s Second Law applies to a heavy shot put vs. a light tennis ball when the same force is applied.
The tennis ball accelerates much more because acceleration depends on force ÷ mass.
What are the three parts of a lever system?
Fulcrum, effort, load
Define Bernoulli’s Principle and compare it to the Magnus force.
Bernoulli’s Principle = faster airflow = lower pressure. Magnus Force = application of this principle to spinning objects, where pressure difference curves the flight path.
Stepping sideways to start a shuffle, the lead hip action is called (abduction / adduction)?
Abduction - moving a body part away from the midline of the body
Agonist for elbow flexion is…
A. Triceps brachii B. Quadriceps C. Biceps brachii D. Hamstrings
C. Biceps brachii
Define a drag force.
A force that is generated by a fluid opposing the movement of an object.
Which best describes velocity?
A) How fast an object is moving only
B) Speed in a given direction
C) Distance covered per second
D) Rate of change of speed
B) Speed in a given direction
When a tennis player strikes the ball, the racquet feels a force too. Which law explains this?
Third Law - the ball pushes back with equal force.
In a first-class lever, where is the fulcrum?
Between effort and load
How does nature always move in terms of pressure?
From high pressure to low pressure, air pushes toward the low-pressure side.
In the initial phase of an overarm throw, the elbow action is…
A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Supination
D. Elevation
Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones
Identify the agonist in the down phase of a squat.
Quads & glutes
In your own words, explain the biomechanical terms force and momentum. Can you also describe their relationship?
Force is a push or pull when tow objects interact.
Momentum is a measure of the quantity of motion that an object possesses. The momentum of any object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its velocity. momentum = m x v
Relationship: Force is what changes momentum; therefore, applying more force makes an object's momentum increase/decrease faster.
What’s the difference between distance and displacement?
Distance = total path covered;
Displacement = straight-line change in position.
Which law explains why seatbelts are needed in cars?
First Law because your body keeps moving forward unless restrained.
Most levers in the human body are------- which class?
third-class
If air moves faster over a surface, is the pressure higher or lower?
Fast air = low pressure, slow air = high pressure.
On landing from a jump, the first ankle action that helps absorb force is…
A. Dorsiflexion
B. Plantar flexion
C. Inversion
D. Supination
A. Dorsiflexion - bending of foot towards shin
Briefly explain the difference between isotonic vs isometric contractions. Provide examples for each.
Isotonic contractions involve muscle length change with movement, while isometric contractions produce force without movement.
What is the difference between contact and non-contact forces and provide at least 2 examples.
Contact: forces that act on objects that come into direct contact with each other. friction, drag, and ground reaction force.
Non-contact: act on objects without coming into contact with them. gravitational force.
A footballer runs 60 m forward, then 20 m back. What is her distance and displacement?
Distance = 80 m, Displacement = 40 m forward.
If the same force is applied, which accelerates more: a 1 kg ball or a 10 kg ball?
1 kg ball because less mass means more acceleration.
In a bicep curl, what lever class is used and why?
Third-class because effort (biceps) is between fulcrum (elbow) and load (weight).
If pressure is higher underneath the ball, which way will it move?
Upward, ball is pushed from high to low pressure.
To bounce a basketball with palm down, the forearm action is…
A. Supination B. Pronation C. Flexion D. Extension
B. Pronation - rotating a body part so that the palm is facing backwards
Each muscle in the body is only capable of two actions:
1.
2.
Contraction
Relaxation
One term used to describe the combination of forces produced by different parts of the human body acting together to maximise force production. For example: the --------- generated by all parts of the body allows long jumpers to propel themselves further through the air.
Summation of forces.
Which is not an example of curvilinear motion?
A) A soccer ball bending in the air
B) A shot put following a parabola
C) A car driving straight on a road
D) A diver’s flight through the air
C) A car driving straight on a road
If no external force acts on an object, what happens to its motion?
It stays the same - Newton’s First Law, no force = no change.
When standing on tiptoes in a calf raise, what lever class is this?
Second-class because load (body weight) between fulcrum (toes) and effort (calf muscles).
When a player hits a float serve, why does the ball wobble?
Uneven air speeds around the ball create shifting pressure zones.