Directional
Describe the differences between prone/supine, anterior/posterior, and ventral dorsal
Prone = face up, supine = face down
anterior/ventral = front of body
posterior/dorsal = back of body
What is the role of bones
* bonus 100: what is the difference between axial and appendicular*
Provide shape, support, protection, and attachment for muscles
axial is the head, neck, thorax, and spine
appendicular is the shoulders and upper extremities and pelvis and lower extremities
Name 3 joint times and characteristics
Fibrous - Immovable (teeth, skull)
Cartilaginous - some movement (spine)
Synovial - Most movement
Normal end feels are ___, ____, ____
Abnormal end feels are ____, ____, ____, _____
soft, firm, hard
boggy, empty, spasm, springy
Where is the insertion? Where is the origin?
What is the agonist? What is the antagonist?
insertion: movable bone, origin: stable bone
agonist: prime mover, antagonist: opposite motion
The fingers are ___ to the elbow
The scapula is ____ to the sternum
distal
lateral
Where do you find compact and cancellous bones
Compact is the dense exterior and cancellous is the spongy interior
What plane and axis are used for flexion and extension
Sagittal plane, frontal axis
Mobilizations are to _____ as manipulations are to _____
sustained, full range stretch
high speed, small range
Name one closed kinetic chain and one open kinetic chain and explain why
squat - distal end is fixed while proximal moves
dumbell curl - proximal end is fixed while distal end moves
Name the body segments
Head, neck
Upper extremity (arm, forearm, hand)
Trunk (thorax, abdomen)
Lower extremity (thigh, leg, foot)
A closed fracture does not ...
break the skin (Compound)
What movements occur in the frontal plane, sagittal axis
Abduction/adduction, radial/ulnar deviation, lateral flexion/extension, inversion/eversion
Open packed is to ____ as closed packed is to ______
resting, lax
compressed, maximum contact
What is the relationship between strength and tone, as well as two examples of tone pathologies
Strength is a measure of contraction while tone is constant tension.
hypertonia is too much tone, not enough stretch
hypotonia is too little tone, hyperextensibility
Superior is to cranial as inferior is to ___
Caudal
Name 5 types of bones and examples
Long - femur
short - carpals
flat - scapula
sesamoid - patella
irregular - vertebrae
Which joints can circumduct, why is this different from rotation, and where does rotation occur?
*bonus 100* what other movements occur in the same plane and axis
Circumduction is a limb moving in a circle, rotation is a joint twisting like a screw.
Rotation occurs in the transverse plane around a vertical axis *bonus* as well as horizontal abduction/adduction, supination/pronation, and internal/external rotation
Name 3 types of joint play with examples
roll: knee
glide: carpals
spin: shoulder, internal rotation
Which characteristic of muscle tissue relates to optimal length and what 3 movements can be associated.
*bonus* what happens if 2 characteristics are prolonged?
Contractility (others are irritability, extensibility, and elasticity). Optimal length is the tension-length point with maximum force generated.
3 contraction types are isometric (no length change), concentric (shortens), and eccentric (lengthens)
Prolonged stretch causes adaptive lengthening, prolonged contraction causes adaptive shortening
The subscapularis is _____ to the trapezius
Deep
depressions/openings are to ____ as projections/processes are to _____
blood vessels, nerves
ligament attachments
Match the joint to the movements:
neck, shoulder, scapula, elbow, forearm, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, trunk
flex/extend (normal, hyper, lateral, plantar/dorsi), abduction/adduction (normal, horizontal), elevation/depression, protract/retract, pronate/supinate, deviate, internal/external rotation, inversion/eversion
Neck: flex/extend (all), rotation
Shoulder: flex/extend, abduct/adduct (both), internal/external rotation
Scapula: elevate/depress, protract/retract
Elbow: flex/extend
Forearm: pronate/supinate
Wrist: flex/extend, radial/ulnar deviation
Hip: flex/extend, abduct/adduct, internal/external rotation
Knee: flex/extend
Ankle: plantar/dorsiflex, inversion/eversion
Trunk: flex/extend (normal, lateral), rotation
What do the 4 accessory motion forces do
traction: separate
approximation: compress
shear: glide
bend: compress concave, separate convex
Describe the difference between passive and active insufficiency
Active: a muscle affecting two or more joints is shortened to a point that it inhibits ROM (maximum elbow flexion limits shoulder flexion)
Passive: antagonist affecting two or more joins lengthened to the point that it inhibits ROM (maximum knee extension limits hip flexion - hamstring flexibility)